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Union Calendar No. 534

8 5th Congress, 2d Session ----- House Report No. 1360

COMMITTEE ON
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

ANNUAL REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 1957

FEBRUARY 3, 1958

(Original Release Date)

February 19, 1958. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

Prepared and released by the

Committee on Un-American Activities, U. S. House of Representatives
Washington, D. C.

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

United States House of Representatives

FRANCIS E. WALTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman

MORGAN M. MOULDER, Missouri
CLYDE DOYLE, California
JAMES B. FRAZIER, Jr., Tennessee*
EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana

Richard

BERNARD W. KEARNEY, New York
DONALD L. JACKSON, California
GORDON H. SCHERER, Ohio
ROBERT J. MCINTOSH, Michigan
s, Staff Director

i Mr. Frazier resigned from the committee and was replaced by Hon. William M. Tuck of Virginia on
January 16, 195S.

Union Calendar No. 534

85th Congress ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ( Report
2d Session j ( No. 1360

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1957

February 19, 1958. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed

Mr. Walter, of Pennsylvania, from the Committee on Un-American
Activities, submitted the following

REPORT

[Pursuant to H. Res. 5, 85th Cong.]

CONTENTS

Section I: Page

Summary 1

Omnibus Security Bill 4

Publications 6

Reference Service 8

Contempt Proceedings 8

Section II. Communist Political Subversion 13

Section III. Communism in Local Areas 21

New Orleans, La 21

New Haven, Conn 23

Baltimore, Md 24

San Francisco, Calif 27

Buffalo, N. Y 30

Section IY. Communist Propaganda 33

Foreign Language Press 34

Communist Press in Chicago 36

Buffalo Distribution Center 37

Metropolitan Music School, Inc 37

Section V. Communist Penetration of Communications Facilities 41

Section VI. International Communism:

The Ideological Fallacies of Communism 45

Rabbi S. Andhil Fineberg 45

Bishop Fulton J. Sheen 46

Dr. Daniel A. Poling 48

The Communist Mind 48

Communist Penetration of Malaya and Singapore 49

Red China and the Far East 50

Red Terror in Hungary ' 51

Communist Conquest of the Baltic States 52

The Communist Trade Offensive 53

The Present Posture of the Free World 54

Section VII. Who Are They?:

Nikita Khrushchev 57

Nikolai Bulganin 58

Mao Tse-tung 59

Chou En-lai 59

Marshals Zhukov and Konev 60

Walter Ulbricht and Janos Kadar 60

Marshal Tito and Wladyslaw Gomulka 61

Kim II Sung and Ho Chi Minh 62

Maurice Thorez and Palmiro Togliatti 62

Appendix 65

Index i

Public Law 601, 79th Congress

The legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946], chapter
753, 2d session, which provides:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled } * * *

PART 2 — RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Rule X

SEC. 121. STANDING COMMITTEES

*******

17. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******

(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.

(A) Un-American activities.

(2) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommit-
tee, is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,

(ii) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and

(iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary
remedial legislation.

The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpcnas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

*******

Pule XII

LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES

Sec. 136. To assist the Congress in appraising the administration of the laws
and in developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem neces-
sary, each standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall exercise continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative
agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the juris-
diction of such committee; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent re-
ports and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch
of the Government.

RULES ADOPTED BY THE 85TH CONGRESS
House Resolution 5, January 3, 1957
* ******

Rule X

STANDING COMMITTEES

1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Con-
gress,

*******

(q) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

*******

RuleJXI

POWERS AND DUTIES OP COMMITTEES
*******

17. Committee on Un-American Activities.

(a) Un-American activities.

(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American prop-
aganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress
in any necessary remedial legislation.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

*******

26. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House shall exercise continuous watchfulness
of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee; and, for that
purpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by
the agencies in the executive branch of the Government.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1957

SECTION I

SUMMARY

Nineteen hundred and fifty-seven has been one of the greatest years
of triumph for the Kremlin and its confederates throughout the free
world.

The hearings and investigations of the House Committee on Un-
American Activities during the past year have brought to light various
aspects of these successes. Together they lead to the inescapable
conclusion that the menace of the international Communist apparatus
increases each day.

The Soviet satellite in outer space has presented fresh evidence of
Soviet Russia’s technological progress — a progress made possible to a
large degree by the penetration of our internal defenses by Soviet
conspirators and their theft of some of our most vital military and
scientific secrets.

The circumference of the free world in the past months has shrunk
further; the epic propaganda setback dealt the Soviet Union by the
Hungarian revolution has been largely overcome; the struggle for
power within the Kremlin has brought new strength to Khrushchev ;
America’s allies and the so-called neutral nations of the world confront
the Communist challenge irresolute and divided.

Within the United States, the Communist apparatus has evolved
new implements of political conquest. These have found root in,
and have in turn contributed to, a dangerous climate of complacency
which itself presents an acute threat to the very foundations of our
security system.

Communist political subversion, as disclosed by the Committee on
Un-American Activities, presents a danger to the American people
equaling that of Soviet satellites and long-range missiles. The Soviet
Union would prefer to achieve its program of success without the
physical destruction of its enemies; if the gates can be opened from
within by dupes and Communist agents, overt aggression by the Soviet
Union will ooviously be unnecessary. This would be a fulfillment of
Lenin’s prophecy made at the inception of the international Com-
munist empire:

First w^e will take Eastern Europe, then the masses of Asia,
then we will encircle the United States, which will be the last
bastion of capitalism. We will not have to attack. It will
fall like an overripe fruit into our hands.

The Communist Party, since the upheaval wdiich ensued after
Stalin’s death, has lost considerable numerical membership. Many
former party stalwarts have been expelled or have resigned. Never-
theless, the Communist leadership in the United States has proved

2 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

itself equal to its assigned task. In a fundamental shift of tactics,
their former cries for revolution and forcible overthrow of the Gov-
ernment have been muted and replaced by more subtle calls for “peace-
ful coexistence,” “universal disarmament,” and the like.

It is essential to remember, however, that the effectiveness of the
Communist operation bears no relationship to the size of the party
as a formal entity. A compact, hard-core elite can be and is of
greater value to the Kremlin than would be an unwieldly mass of
undisciplined and vagarious adherents.

The fallacy of trying to appraise the Communist tlueat in terms of
numbers, declared Dr. Frederick C. Schwarz, 1 is like —

trying to determine the validity of the hull of the boat by re-
lating the area of the holes to the area which is sound. One
hole can sink the ship. Communism is the theory of the dis-
ciplined few controlling and directing the rest. One person
in a sensitive position can control, manipulate, and, if neces-
sary, destroy thousands of others.

Notwithstanding the eruptions which have occurred in the Com-
munist Party in the United States and the resignation of several key
officials of the party, the Communist operation today presents a
menace more serious than ever before.

Reasonably, it may be asked, “How is this possible?” There are
three principal explanations:

1. The Communist apparatus is employing new applications of its
historic united-front program in which Communists penetrate and
obtain positions of influence in nominally non-Communist organiza-
tions whose programs they can exploit in pursuance of objectives
desired by the Kremlin. These tactics accord with classic Communist
doctrine. They were concisely formulated by the former Secretary
General of the Communist International, Georgi Dimitrov, at the
Lenin School of revolutionary leadership in Moscow in the following
words :

As Soviet power grows, there will be a greater aversion
to Communist parties everywhere. So we must practice the
techniques of withdrawal. Never appear in the foreground;
let our friends do the work. We must always remember that
one sympathizer is generally worth more than a dozen mili-
tant Communists. A university professor, who without
being a party member lends himself to the interests of the
Soviet Union, is worth more than a hundred men with party
cards. A writer of reputation, or a retired general, are worth
more than 500 poor devils who don’t know any better than to
get themselves beaten up by the police. Every man has
his value, his merit. The writer who, without being a party
member, defends the Soviet Union, the union leader who is
outside our ranks but defends Soviet international policy, is
worth more than a thousand party members. * * *

Those who are not party members or marked as Commu-
nists enjoy greater freedom of action. This dissimulated
activity which awakes no resistance is much more effective
than a frontal attack by the Communists. Our friends must

1 See International Communism (The Communist Mind), staff consultation with Frederick Charles
Schwarz, May 29, 1957.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

confuse the adversary for us, carry out our main directives,
mobilize in favor of our campaign people who do not think as
we do, and whom we could never reach. In this tactic we
must use everyone who comes near us; and the number
grows every day.

The current operation of the Communist apparatus in the United
States can be traced directly to the epochal restatement of Soviet
policy by Nikita Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Com-
munist Part}', at which time he promulgated a united-front program
as a substitute for the Stalinist program that had alienated party
members and potential converts throughout the world.

In “The Great Pretense/’ a symposium on the 20th Party Congress
published by the Committee on Un-American Activities, a group of
experts warned that —

the leaders of the Soviet Union have launched a new tactical
maneuver which is fraught with dangers for the United
States. As a result of the February 1956 meeting of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the forces of inter-
national communism have adopted new tactics to accomplish
three objectives: (1) Appeasement of discontent within the
Soviet sphere; (2) extension of neutralism abroad through
a united front with socialism; (3) weaken and discredit
anti-Communists within the United States. 1

2. As the formal party structure recedes from view, it is being re-
placed by a widespread underground apparatus, duplicating beneath
the surface all of the mechanisms of Communist Party activities:
printing and publication of Communist Party propaganda, formula-
tion of Communist strategy, leadership of the Communist apparatus.

3. The Communist operation, above and below the surface, is part
of a worldwide conspiracy backed by all of the material, financial,
and educational resources of the 900 million people of the Soviet
Empire. At the very time that the Communist Daily Worker sus-
pends publication because of “lack of funds,” the Kremlin is reaching
1,000 times the circulation of the Daily Worker through political
propaganda which floods this country every day, as part of a multi-
billion dollar operation exceeding by many times the cost entailed in
the publication of the Daily Worker.

During the past year the House Committee on Un-American
Activities was able to uncover new areas of Communist infiltration
of industry and the arts. It brought to light Communist penetra-
tion of the communications systems of key Government agencies
and the deluge of Communist propaganda through various pipelines
to minority and nationality groups in the United States.

Acting on connective links supplied by United States counterspy
Boris Morros, the committee found further ramifications of the Com-
munist underground apparatus -including the penetration of Com-
munists into the councils of the United States Congress itself. 2

The story of Boris Morros has a significance far beyond the valuable
and patriotic exploits through which he was able to unmask agents
of the international Soviet apparatus. Tt demonstrates, with new

1 A detailed analysis of this Communist Party operation can be found in The Great Pretense, A Sym-
posium on Anti-Stalinism and the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, and In Soviet Total
War, “Historic Mission” of Violence and Deceit, vols. I and II.

2 See testimony of Wilfred Lumer appearing in Investigation of Soviet Espionage, released February
1958.

20006 0 -58 -2

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

emphasis, the constant, secret warfare of the Communist empire
against the United States and its free world allies. As Mr. Morros
himself has stated in his consultations with the Committee on Un-
American Activities, the people of the United States must be made
conscious of the “great danger that looks us straight in the eye. It
is much more dangerous, and much more serious, than any of us can
oven imagine.” The danger is heightened by the fact that it lies
hidden from our view and stems in many cases from persons who
would not ordinarily be suspect as agents of t ho Kremlin. It is
instructive that Morros himself, regarded by the Soviets as a key
instrument of espionage in the West, had no affiliation with the Com-
munist Party or any Communist fronts. This explains how anyone
in such a capacity can swear under oath that he is not a Communist
and never has been a Communist and yet can be an important part of
the Soviet apparatus.

OMNIBUS SECURITY BILL

THE INTERNAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS ACT OF 1958 (II. R. 9937)

The work of the committee over the past years has revealed exten-
sive inadequacies in anti-Communist legislation. During the last
session of the Congress the chairman of the committee introduced a
comprehensive omnibus security bill, II. R. 9532, to strengthen the
hand of the. Government in dealing with a wide range of Communist
operations.

This omnibus security bill was refined and revised by a new bill,
H. R. 9937, introduced by the Chairman on January 13, 1958. It is
entitled “The Internal Security Amendments Act of i958” and amends
the Internal Security Act of 1950 by —

(1) Precluding abatement of proceedings before the Subversive
Activities Control Board bv reason of the dissolution, reorganization,
or change of name of a respondent organization. The purpose of this
amendment is to counter the Communist technique of changing the
name or formal, technical structure of an organization in order to
avoid the consequences of an adverse finding by the Subversive
Activities Control Board.

(2) Making it a misdemeanor for any person to misbehave before
congressional commit tees.

(3) Prohibiting Communist lawyers from practicing before execu-
tive departments and congressional committees.

(4) Redefining the term “organize” (as used in the Smith Act).
The purpose of this amendment is to overcome the effect of the
decision of the Supreme Court in the Abates case which construed the
term “organize” to mean only the original formation of a group.

(5) Permitting the enforcement in State courts of State sedition
statutes. The purpose of this amendment is to overcome the effect
of the decision of the Supreme Court in the Nelson case nullifying
State sedition statutes.

(6) Protecting the security of confidential Government files.
During the 1st session of the 85th Congress, Public Law 85-269, was
enacted in an attempt to overcome the effect of the decision of the
Supreme Court in the Jenck’s case and the Court of Appeals decision
on the Subversive Activities Control Board's opinion in the case of the
Communist Party. Public Law 85-269 is applicable only to criminal

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

cases, whereas the amendment in the omnibus security bill is applicable
to any proceeding (i. e., income tax, claims cases) as well as criminal
proceedings in which confidential Government files may be subject
to disclosure. Under Public Law 85-2G9, moreover, the test of admis-
sibility is relevancy, while under the omnibus security bill the test of
admissibility in the first instance is whether or not the security of the
United States would be jeopardized.

(7) Permitting, under safeguards, disclosure of certain intercepted
security information.

(8) Prohibiting the unauthorized disclosure of certain defense
information.

(9) Making it an offense to use a false name for the purpose of
procuring employment in defense facilities.

(10) Extending the statute of limitations for certain seditious and
subversive activities.

(11) Expanding the provisions of the Foreign Agents Registration
Act by —

(а) Bringing within the coverage of the definition of “foreign
principal” an organization which is “supervised, directed, con-
trolled, or financed, in whole or in part, by any foreign govern-
ment or foreign political party,” regardless of whether the organ-
ization is supervised by a foreign government.

(б) Including within the registration requirements of the
Foreign Agents Registration Act persons who have used the
existing exemption for certain commercial activities to disseminate
propaganda.

(d) Establishing in the Bureau of Customs an office of a
comptroller of foreign propaganda and fixing responsibility for
the control of foreign political propaganda.

(12) Permitting immigration officers to be detailed for duty in
foreign countries and empowering such officers to exercise certain
functions with respect to issuance of visas.

(13) Permitting the detention and supervision of certain aliens
under order of deportation.

(14) Requiring the Attorney General to report to the Congress
certain waivers in the administration of the immigration laws.

(15) Canceling naturalization procured illegally, by concealment
of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation.

(16) Revoking citizenship to one who becomes a part of the official
apparatus of a Communist country without the consent of the United
States Government.

(17) Strengthening passport security and travel control by —

(a) Prohibiting travel in violation of passport regulations even
though there may be no technical state of war.

( b ) Precluding the issuance of passports to persons concerning
whom there is reasonable ground to believe that they are going
abroad for the purpose of engaging in activities which will further
the aims and objectives of the Communist Party, or other
subversive groups.

(c) Authorizing the withholding of passports to persons whose
activities abroad would violate the laws of the United States,
be prejudicial to the orderly conduct of foreign relations or be
prejudicial to the interests of the United States.

6 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

During the coming year it will be the purpose of the committee to
call a number of witnesses who are known to have in their possession
information and documentation relating to one or another of the
sections of the proposed omnibus bill.

PUBLICATIONS

During the past year the committee made an important contribution
toward clearer understanding of the nature of the Communist con-
spiracy through a series of publications. These included reports on
Communist political subversion, the campaign to destroy the security
programs of the United States Government; Operation Abolition,
dealing with the current program to cripple the FBI, the Subversive
Activities Control Board, and the House Committee on Un-American
Activities; analysis of Communist activities in critical areas abroad,
and biographies of Communist leaders in the Soviet Union, the
satellite states, and the Free World.

The committee printed approximately 376,000 copies of its hearings
and reports during 1957. Of the above number of publications, ap-
proximately 285,000 were distributed to the public. In many
instances, the demands for the committee’s publications far exceed
the number of copies allotted under present printing regulations.

In order to comply with requests, it was necessary for the com-
mittee to have reprinted approximately 125,000 copies of its publi-
cations of previous years.

It is gratifving to note that students and faculty members of schools
and colleges have requested information for use in classes being
conducted on the Communist menace; and, according to their re-
quests, a great many of the committee’s publications are used for
reference purposes in these studies.

Following is a complete list of committee hearings and reports for
the 1st session of the 85th Congress:

HEARINGS AND CONSULTATIONS

International Communist Propaganda Activities, January 30, 1957.
International Communism (Red China and the Far East) — Chiu-
Yuan Hu — February 1, 1957

Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States —

Part 4 — New Orleans, La., Area, February 14, 1957
Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States —

Part 5— New York City Area, March 12 and 13, 1957
Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States —

Part 6— New York City Area, March 14 and 15, 1957
Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States —

Part 7 — Chicago, 111., Area, March 26 and 27, 1957 ^

Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States —

Part 8 — Buffalo, N. Y., October 1, 1957
Investigation of Communist Activities in the New Orleans, La., Area,
February 15, 1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the New Haven, Conn.,
Area — -Part 3 — February 26 and 27, 1957
Investigation of Communism in the Metropolitan Music School, Inc.,
and Related Fields — Part 1 — April 9 and 10, 1957

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Investigation of Communism in the Metropolitan Music School, Inc.,
and Related Fields — Part 2 — February 7 and 8; April 11 and 12,
1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the Baltimore, Md., Area —
Part 1 — May 7 and 8, 1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the Baltimore, Md., Area —
Part 2 — May 9, 1957

Hearings Held in San Francisco, Calif. — Part 1 — June 18 and 19, 1957
Hearings Held in San Francisco, Calif. — Part 2 — June 20 and 21, 1957
Investigation of the Unauthorized Use of United States Passports —
Part 5 — July 26, 1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the Newark, N. J., Area
(supplemental) July 24, 1957

Investigation of Communist Penetration of Communications Facil-
ities — Part 1 — July 17, 18, 19; August 2 and 9, 1957
Investigation of Communist Penetration of Communications Facil-
ities — Part 2 — October 9, 1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the Buffalo, N. Y., Area —
Part 1— October 2, 1957

Investigation of Communist Activities in the Buffalo, N. Y., Area —
Part 2 — October 3 and 4, 1957

International Communism (Revolt in the Satellites)^ — 1956 1 — Dr. Jan
Karski, Mihail Farcasanu, Joseph Lipski, Monsignor Bela Varga,
Bela Fabian, Stevan Barankovics, Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, Ferenc
Nagy — October 29, 30; November 1, 17, 20, 1956
International Communism (Revolt in the Satellites) — 1957 — Janos
Horvath & Sandor Kiss — March 20, 1957
International Communism (Communist Control of Estonia) — August
Rei — May 10, 1957

International Communism (The Communist Mind) — Frederick
Charles Schwarz — May 29, 1957

International Communism (Communist Penetration of Malaya and
Singapore) — Kuo-Shuen Chang — May 29, 1957
International Communism (The Communist Trade Offensive) —
Joseph Anthony Marcus, Christopher Emmet, Nicolas de Roche-
fort — June 26, 1957

International Communism (The Present Posture of the Free World) —
Constantine Brown — October 21, 1957
International Communism (Espionage) (Excerpts of Consultation
With Counterspy Boris Morros) — August 16, 1957
The Ideological Fallacies of Communism — Rabbi S. Andhil Fineberg,
Bishop Fulton J. Sheen, Dr. Daniel A. Poling — September 4, 25;
October 18, 1957

REPORTS

Report on Communist Political Subversion — (The Campaign To
Destroy the Security Programs of the United States Govern-
ment) — House Report 1182 — August 16, 1957
“Operation Abolition” (The Campaign Against the House Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities, The Federal Bureau of Investi-
gation, The Government Security Program by the Emergency
Civil Liberties Committee and Its Affiliates) — November 8, 1957

This consultation held in 1956; not printed until 1957.

8 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Who Are They? — Khrushchev and Bulganin (U. S. S. R.) — Part 1 —
July 12, 1957

Who Are They? — Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai (Communist
China) — Part 2 — August 23, 1957

Who Are They? — Georgi Zhukov and Ivan Konev (U. S. S. R.) —
Part 3 — August 30, 1957

Who Are They? — Walter Ulbricht and Janos Kadar (East Germany
and Hungary) — Part 4 — September 1957
Who Are They? — Josip Broz Tito and Wladyslaw Gomulka (Yugo-
slavia and Poland) — Part 5 — October 11, 1957
Who Are They? — Kim II Sung and IIo Chi Minh (North Korea and
North Viet-Nam)— Part 6 — October 25, 1957
Who Are They? — Maurice Thorez and Palmiro Togliatti (France and
Italy) — Part 7 — November 22, 1957
Annual Report for the Year 1957

REFERENCE SERVICE

Based upon extensive hearings, reports, and an ever-expanding
collection of source material, a specialized reference service is main-
tained by the Committee for Members of the Congress, executive
agencies of the Government, and the committee’s staff.

In 1957, there were 1,105 requests from Members of the Congress
for information on 3,562 individuals and on 721 organizations, peri-
odicals, and general subjects.

In addition there were 1,104 staff requests for information on 6,178
individuals, and on 665 organizations, periodicals, and general subjects.
All of these were answered with written reports.

CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS

The House of Representatives, in 1957, voted contempt citations
against Louis Earl Hartman, Frank Grumman, and Bernard Silber,
who, as witnesses before the Committee on Un-American Activities,
refused to answer pertinent questions. These citations have been
certified to the proper United States district courts for prosecutive
action. All three citations occurred subsequent to the decision in the
Watkins case.

The decision in the case of Watkins v. United States (354 U. S. 178)
was handed down by the Supreme Court of the United States on
June 17, 1957. Prior to this decision, it was well recognized that a
witness before a congressional committee must decide the question of
pertinency at his peril. The Watkins decision adds the new concept
that “fundamental fairness” requires that the subject of the inquiry
and the pertinency of the questions be “undisputably clear” to a
witness compelled to decide at his peril whether to answer committee
questions. This new concept is couched in the following language:

Unless the subject matter has been made to appear with
undisputed clarity, it is the duty of the investigative body,
upon objection of the witness on grounds of pertinency, to
state for the record the subject under inquiry at that time and
the manner in which the propounded questions are pertinent
thereto. To be meaningful, the explanation must describe

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

what the topic under inquiry is, and the connective reasoning
whereby the precise questions asked relate to it.

The Court pointed out that there are several sources that can
outline the “question under inquiry” in such a way that the rules
against vagueness are satisfied. It was asserted that —

The authorizing resolution, the remarks of the chairman
or members of the committee, or even the nature of the pro-
ceedings themselves might sometimes make the topic clear.

On the 18th of June, 1957, the day following the decision in the
Watkins case, committee hearings were begun in San Francisco. Of
the witnesses appearing, 29, in reliance upon the decision in the
Watkins case, objected to questions on the grounds of pertinency.
The attention of each witness was called to the detailed statement
made by the chairman at the opening of the hearing regarding the
subject and purpose of the inquiry and the fact that the questions
for the most part were pertinent on their face. In addition, full
explanation was made by counsel for the committee of the subject
under inquiry and the connective reasoning whereby the precise
questions asked related to the subject. All but one of the witnesses
abandoned sole reliance upon the decision in the Watkins case and
assigned as a further ground for refusal to answer, privilege under the
self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment to the Constitution.

LOUIS EARL HARTMAN

The one exception to the use of the fifth amendment was the witness
Louis Earl Hartman . Hartman, at the time he was subpenacd before
the committee, was engaged as a radio broadcaster in Berkeley, Calif.
Among other things, he was asked to advise the committee of the

P resent propaganda activities of a professional cell of the Communist
'arty in Berkeley, and his own membership in that cell. Hartman
was cited for contempt by the House of Representatives for his
refusal to answer pertinent questions, and the case was referred to
the United States attorney in San Francisco for prosecutive action.

FRANK GRUMMAN AND BERNARD SILBER

An investigation of Communist penetration of communications
facilities was instituted by the committee in the summer of 1957.
Frank Grumman , then employed as a radio operator b} r RCA Com-
munications, Inc., but temporarily on leave of absence, as secretary-
treasurer of Local 10 of the American Communications Association,
was subpenaed to appear as a witness on July 17, 1957; and Bernard
Silber , service writer for Western Union Telegraph Co., was sub-
penaed as a witness on August 2, 1957. Both witnesses, in the
performance of their duties, had access to Government security coded
messages. In reliance upon the Watkins and Sweezy cases, and not
upon the self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment, the wit-
nesses refused to answer pertinent questions relating to the subject
under inquiry, for which they were cited for contempt by the House of
Representatives, and certifications of the citations were transmitted
to the United States attorney for the District of Columbia for prose-
cutive action.

10 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

MARCUS SINGER

The conviction of Marcus Singer , a witness before this committee
on May 26, 1953, was reversed by an order of the United States Court
of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Although the order of dis-
missal was entered on June 28, 1957, it was not disclosed publicly until
Jul} r 10, 1957. The order was summarily entered and was not accom-
panied by an opinion. This action was based on the holding of the
Supreme Court in the Watkins case.

LLOYD BARENBLATT

On January 16, 1958, the United States Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia, bv a divided opinion, 1 upheld for the second time
the conviction of Lloyd Barenblatt , who had been cited for contempt
arising from his appearance before the committee on June 28, 1954.
The case had been remanded to the Court of Appeals by the United
States Supreme Court which, on June 24, 1957, had vacated Baren-
blatt’s conviction in the light of its decision in the Watkins case.

The appellant relied mainly on two points in the Court of Appeals:
first, that the opinion of the Supreme Court in the Watkins case struck
down the resolution creating the standing Committee on Un-American
Activities; and second, assuming that was not the case, that part of
the opinion in the Watkins case relating to pertinency required a dis-
missal. In holding against the appellant’s contention on the first issue,
the Court, in its majority opinion, demonstrated that the Supreme
Court, by its Watkins decision, did not strike down the committee
resolution. As to the second issue, the Court described the length to
which the committee went in indicating to the appellant the pertinency
of the questions, even though the question of pertinency was not
raised by him, and concluded, under the standards laid down b} r the
Supreme Court, that Barenblatt was made fully aware of the subject
under inquiry, and was in a position to judge the pertinency of the
questions.

The decision reached in this case was given after careful considera-
tion of the Supreme Court’s decisions in the Watkins and Sweezy
cases.

ARTHUR MILLER

Arthur Miller, a playwright, was convicted of contempt of Congress
prior to the decision in the Watkins case, for refusing to answer material
questions before the Committee on Un-American Activities. After
the decision was handed down by the Supreme Court in the Watkins
case, a motion was made to acquit notwithstanding the finding of
guilty by the court. This motion was granted as to a count in the
indictment involving a question as to which Miller had raised the
point of pertinency at the time of questioning. The motion was
denied as to the remaining count and from this action of the court,
Miller appealed. A motion for summary reversal based on the
court’s action in the Singer case was then made in the United States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. On January 23, 1958,
the appellate court denied this motion for summary reversal and
Miller is now required to prosecute his appeal in the normal way.

1 The majority opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in the case of
Barenblatt v. United States, is set forth in full as an appendix, see p. 65.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UNr AMERICAN ACTIVITIES H

OTTO NATHAN

Otto Nathan , a naturalized citizen of the United States, was ques-
tioned by the committee on the 12th day of June 1956, in the course
of a hearing relating to passports. He was convicted under the con-
tempt statute for having refused to answer pertinent questions. After
the decision in the Watkins case, a motion was made by Nathan to
acquit notwithstanding the previous finding of guilty by the court.
In view of the objection on the grounds of pertinency made by Nathan
during the committee hearing, the court, in applying the decision in
the Watkins case, granted the motion.

HORACE CHANDLER DAVIS

Horace Chandler Davis , a member of the faculty of the University
of Michigan, was tried in 1956 under an indictment charging him
with contempt of Congress by reason of his refusal to answer certain
questions propounded by the Committee on Un-American Activities.
On June 25, 1957, the court found Davis guilty and imposed a sen-
tence of 6 months in prison and a fine of $250. In a written opinion,
the court held that the Watkins decision was not applicable or con-
trolling as to the issues before the court. An appeal was taken by
the defendant.

ROLZA BAXTER

Bolza Baxter , a witness before this committee on the 5th day of
May 1954, in Detroit, Mich., was cited for contempt as a result of
his refusal to answer certain pertinent questions. After the decision
in the Watkins case, a motion for acquittal was made in which it
was contended that Baxter raised the issue of pertinency at the
committee hearing. The motion was granted, the court basing its
decision on the Watkins case.

ANNE YASGUR RUNG

Anne Yasgur Kling , an employee in the State Headquarters of the
Communist Party for the State of Missouri, and the acting head of
that office in the absence of the State organizer for the Communist
Party, was a witness before the committee at its hearing in St. Louis
on June 6, 1956. She was indicted under the contempt statute for
refusal to answer pertinent questions propounded by the committee.
The court dismissed the indictment by an order entered on the 15th
day of October 1957, basing its decision upon the Watkins case.
Notice *of appeal was given in behalf of the Government.

20006 0 -58 -3

SECTION II

COMMUNIST POLITICAL SUBVERSION

A nationwide campaign of political subversion, directed by the
Communist Party and aided by numerous affiliate organizations, has
spread throughout the United States during the past year as part of
what may emerge as the most successful technique thus far devised
by the Soviet apparatus in the United States.

The Kremlin has succeeded in enlisting, at a conservative estimate,
more than a million Americans into this campaign. Their participa-
tion has ranged from membership in the farflung network of Com-
munist-front organizations to the signing of Communist-sponsored
petitions, and has included substantial financial contributions. It is
lair to say that many of these people would be aghast if they under-
stood the full import of their activities and the extent to which they
benefit the Communist conspiracy.

The clear objective of this campaign is the destruction of the entire
security system of the United States. More immediately, it seeks to
cripple the antisubversive programs of the executive department and
the Congress, to shackle or abolish the Committee on Un-American
Activities, and to discredit the FBI and its director, J. Edgar Hoover.

The essence of the Communist campaign is a perversion of our dem-
ocratic processes of government by the surreptitious stimulation of
“grass roots” pressure against anti-Communist governmental action,
and for pro-Communist legislative objectives.

These facts were established by the Committee on Un-American
Activities by extensive investigations and hearings held in principal
cities throughout the United States. 1 The committee identified more
than 200 organizations charged with carrying on the Communist pro-
gram. Chief among these was the American Committee for Protec-
tion of Foreign Born and its various affiliates. The testimony of
scores of witnesses who appeared before the committee, and the
evidence contained in thousands of documents obtained by the com-
mittee, confirm these conclusions:

1. Political subversion has become a paramount instrument of the
Communist Party’s program for conquest of the United States.

2. The Communist Party, through the American Committee for
Protection of Foreign Born and the affiliate organizations of the Ameri-
can Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, has mobilized all of its
resources to render ineffective the Immigration and Nationality Act
and other legislation bearing upon the security of the United States.

3. By disguising its real purposes in fraudulently humane language,
the Communist Party, through its affiliate organizations, succeeded

1 See Communist Political Subversion— hearings and appendix, November and December 1956 (pts. 1 and
2), and H. Rept. No. 1182, August 16, 1957, The Campaign to Destroy the Security Programs of the United
States Government.

14 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

in duping a great number of well-intentioned citizens into collaborat-
ing with the Communist Party in ignorance of its real objective.

4. Although various non- Communist organizations have advocated
amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act and other legis-
lation concerning the security of the United States, the overwhelming
mass of testimony and exhibits obtained by the Committee on Un-
American Activities demonstrates that the spearhead of the overall
drive for mutilation of this legislation is the Communist Party and its
affiliates.

5. The Communist Party, through its camouflaged instruments of
transmission, has subjected the platform committees of both major
parties, State legislatures, and the Congress to letters, petitions, and
personal appeals designed to fabricate the impression that a broad,
popular sentiment exists for debilitating the Nation’s immigration and
security systems.

6. Many of the proposals made in the United States Congress for
major changes in the Immigration and Nationality Act and other
security measures coincide with the expressed objectives of the
Communist Party.

EMERGENCY CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMITTEE

Dovetailing with this program of political subversion is the nation-
wide campaign of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, which
scheduled more than two dozen meetings in key cities across the
country to stimulate a barrage of letters and petitions to Members of
the Congress and public officials calling for support of the Emergency
Civil Liberties Committee’s program. This, if successful, could un-
dermine the security programs of the Government and weaken the
Government security agencies.

The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee’s campaign was inaugu-
rated at a rally in New York City* in Carnegie Hall on September 20,
1957. The speakers included Harvey O’Connor; Louis L. Redding,
an attorney; Dalton Trumbo, one of the notorious Hollywood Ten;
Prof. Hugh H. Wilson of Princeton University^* and Frank Wilkinson
of Los Angeles.

Harvey O’Connor, who has been identified in sworn public testi-
mony as a member of the Communist Party, declared that the meet-
ing “is historical because it opens the abolition campaign against the
House Committee on Un-American Activities.”

Dalton Trumbo, who also has been identified in sworn public testi-
mony as a member of the Communist Party, and who was convicted
and sentenced for contempt of Congress for his refusal to answer
questions before the Committee on Un-American Activities, vilified
the committee, J. Edgar Hoover, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
and derided a group of Hungarian patriots who were picketing the
rally.

The objectives of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee emerged
clearly from the Carnegie Hall program. They may be summarized
as —

1. Destruction of the House Committee on Un-American
Activities ;

2. Extinction of the investigative powers of the Congress in
the field of subversive activities;

■REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 15

. 3. Restriction of important functions of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation in the investigation of subversive activities; and
4. Creation of a general climate of opinion against the exposure
and punishment of subversion.

The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee was originally established
in 1951, and attempted to represent itself as a bona fide non-Communist
organization. In a letter of December 14, 1951, soliciting support for
the new organization, Clark Foreman, now director of the organiza-
tion, declared, “The new group, in case you haven't heard of it, is to
be limited to a couple of hundred non-CP’s, with an executive com-
mittee of about nine and a director.” The truth of the statement can
be best gaged by referral to the records of the key individuals in the
organization. 1

The officers 2 3 of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee are Harvey
O’Connor,’ chairman; Corliss Lamont, vice chairman; Andrew D.
Weinberger, treasurer; Elinor Ferry Kirstein, secretary; Clark
Foreman, director; and Leonard B. Boudin, general counsel.

Clark Foreman, the director of the Emergency Civil Liberties Com-
mittee, has for the past decade been a leader in a number of pro-
Communist organizations. His positions have included that of
founder and president of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare;
director of the National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions;
vice chairman of the Washington Committee To Win the Peace; and
vice president of the Progressive Citizens of America.

Harvey O’Connor was identified as a member of the Communist
Party by Benjamin Gitlow, the Communist Party’s former secretary
general, in sworn testimony before the Committee on Un-American
Activities on September 11 and October 17, 1939. In addition,
O’Connor has had the following connections with Communist enter-
prises: Contributor, March of Labor; instructor, Abraham Lincoln
School; speaker, All-American Anti-Imperialist League: delegate,
League of American Writers; member, American Congress for Peace
and Democracy; member, national committee, American League for
Peace and Democracy; contributor, Fight Magazine; member,
National Council, American Peace Mobilization; chairman, Chicago
Peace Federation; delegate, Emergency Peace Mobilization; sponsor,
China Aid Council; sponsor, National Federation for Constitutional
Liberties; member, Citizens Committee to Free Earl Browder; speaker.
Friends of the Soviet Union; sponsor, Citizens Victory Committee for
Hany Bridges; signer of open letter for closer cooperation with the
Soviet Union, Soviet Russia Today; endorser, National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship; member, speakers bureau, Chicago
Council of American-Soviet Friendship; signer of call for a writers
congress, League of American Writers; sponsor, Joint Anti-Fascist
Refugee Committee; sponsor, League for Mutual Aid; member, Inter -
national Labor Defense; author, International Publishers; contribute*.
New Masses.

Leonard B. Boudin has been: Signer of statement to President
Roosevelt defending the Communist Party, signer of statement on
labor legislation, Federated Press; member of the Nati >nai Lawyers
Guild; guest speaker at a meeting of the Philadelphia Committee for
Protection of Foreign Born, American Committee for Protection of
Foreign Born.

i See Operation Abolition— The Campaign Against the House Committed on u. an Activities,

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, The Government See .r.O Program, issi p' 1 V , .ember 8, 1957.

3 Letterhead dated February 11, 195,-.

16 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Corliss Lamont has been one of the foremost apologists for the
Soviet Union in the United States. His background includes the
following activities on behalf of the Communist conspiracy in America:
Signer of statement in defense of the 12 leaders of the Communist
Party, 11 of whom were convicted October 15, 1949, of conspiracy
to teach and advocate the violent overthrow of the United States
Government, Daily Worker, February: 28, 1949; sponsor of the
Mother Bloor banquet; signer of statement of American Progressives
on the Moscow purge trials; celebration of the 27th anniversary of
the Soviet Union; contributor of numerous articles to Soviet Russia
Today; signer of open letter for closer cooperation with the Soviet
Union; signer of open letter in defense of Harry Bridges; member of
the League of American Writers; member of the editorial board of the
Book Union; author, Workers Library Publishers; author, Interna-
tional Publishers; author, New Century Publishers; contributor of
articles in New Masses; member of the Friends of the Soviet Union;
member of the American Friends of Spanish Democracy; chairman
of rally given by American Council on Soviet Relations; member,
executive committee of American League Against War and Fascism;
member of the Student Congress Against War; sponsor of dinner,
American Committee To Save Refugees; signer of letter, National
Federation for Constitutional Liberties; director of the People's Radio
Foundation; member, sponsoring committee of the National Council
of American-Soviet Friendship; chairman of the Congress of American-
Soviet Friendship; speaker, American Russian Institute; member,
sponsoring committee, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee; sponsor,
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace; signer of state-
ment issued by American Committee for Protection of Foreign Bom;
nominated for United States Senator, American Labor Party.

CITIZENS COMMITTEE TO PRESERVE AMERICAN FREEDOMS

The major adjunct of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee in
the California area is an organization designating itself as the Citizens
Committee To Preserve American Freedoms. Its headquarters are
in Los Angeles. Chairman of the organization is Rev. Aaron Alan
Heist. Executive secretary and coordinator of the Abolition Cam-
paign is Frank Wilkinson.

The Reverend Heist was a signer of the statement to the President
of the United States defending the Communist Party, Daily Worker,
March 5, 1941; speaker. Trade Union Committee for the Repeal of
the Smith Act, Daily People’s World, February 14, 1952; sponsor of
banquet in honor of defense attorneys in Smith Act trial of current
defendants. Daily People’s World, May 21, 1952.

Frank Wilkinson was identified as a member of the Communist
Party bv Anita Schneider, former undercover agent for the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, in an appearance before the Committee on
Un-American Activities on December 7, 1956. Wilkinson appeared
before the subcommittee on the same day, and when confronted with
the sworn testimony identifying him as a Communist refused to
answer any questions pertaining to Communist activity.

Wilkinson originally became a subject of investigation on October 3,
1952, when the City Council of the city of Los Angeles asked that
Wilkinson be called before the Committee on Un-American Activities

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACOTVITIE8 17

because he had invoked the fifth amendment in a superior court
hearing in Los Angeles. At the time Wilkinson was director of public
information for the Los Angeles Housing Authority. The West
Coast Communist newspaper (the Daily People's World) reflected on
October 30, 1952, that Wilkinson had been fired from his post as in-
formation director, Los Angeles Housing Authority, because he had
refused to answer questions pertaining to the Communist Party
before the State senate committee investigating the city housing
authority in Los Angeles. In addition to his identification as a
member of the Communist Party, Wilkinson has been associated with
the Los Angeles Committee for Protection of Foreign Born and the
Civil Lights Congress. 1

WIDESPREAD ACHIEVEMENTS

The confederate organizations of the Communist Party, by con-
cealing their true aims, their origin, and the allegiance of their
leadership, have been able to achieve considerable success. They
have raised millions of dollars to finance the Kremlin's apparatus in
the United States. They have been able to persuade great numbers
of people that the campaign against the immigration and security
programs is not a Communist program at all; and they have been able
to create a climate of opinion in which attacks upon our immigration
and security systems are made to seem an enlightened course of action.
Within this climate, the ideas implanted by the Communist Party
and its confederate organizations have been able to come to full
flower. Pretending to champion the traditional concepts of decency
and fair play, the Kremlin's conspirators in the United States have
been able to entice and convert a host of well-wishers to whom com-
munism itself, uncamouflagcd, would be abhorrent.

The leadership of the conspiracy has been quick to recognize this
accomplishment. At the National Conference to Defend the Rights
of Foreign Born Americans in New York, December 11 and 12, 1954,
Abner Green, executive secretary of the American Committee for
Protection of Foreign Born and a leading Communist agent, exulted
that —

* * * we gather to consider the defense of the rights of
foreign-born Americans in an atmosphere that offers excellent
opportunities to rally and stimulate to action new and ever
more important forces in the fight to repeal the Walter-
McCarran law. We gather in an atmosphere that provides
unprecedented possibilities to win many more allies, and
stimulate parallel movements, in the fight to preserve the
civil and human rights of 14 million foreign-born Americans.

The operations of the Communist Party conducted by the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born have reached an amazing
magnitude. The Committee on Un-American Activities found that
the party has succeeded in establishing over 200 organizations to
execute its campaign of political subversion. The committee found
further that while these various organizations claimed to be inde-
pendent and autonomous, they are in fact controlled in every instance

1 Cited as subversive by the Attorney General of the United States and the House Committee on
Un-American Activities.

18 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

by the Communist Party through its agents who occupy positions of
leadership in the affiliated groups.

In the course of its investigation into the Communist political sub-
version campaign, the Committee on Un-American Activities called
before it a number of officers and sponsors of the American Committee
for Protection of Foreign Born and its various local affiliates. The
former were ordered to produce records of the organizations for the
committee's examination.

The Committee on Un-American Activities was particular^ struck
with the fact that although these persons had spoken at great length
outside the hearing room about the program of their organizations,
all refused to provide any information when under oath.

When questioned about the origins and objectives of the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born and affiliate groups— in
particular about their relationship with the Communist Part} r — they
declined to answer because of possible self-incrimination; and they
sought to withhold from the committee all documents and records
bearing upon Communist control and direction of their organizations.

WARNING BY ARCHIBALD ROOSEVELT

One of the witnesses before the Committee on Un-American Activi-
ties was Archibald Roosevelt, son of former President Theodore
Roosevelt. The committee was keenly interested in the testimony of
Mr. Roosevelt, because of the knowledge, which he has gained from
long study of the Communist conspiracy in the United States. Mr.
Roosevelt summarized the reasons for the current Communist program
against the Immigration and Nationality Act:

* * * Firstly, they need an assurance that their foreign-
born operators (the* “regulars” of their invading political
army) in this country will not be deported or denaturalized.

This will insure the maintenance of those forces which the
Red strategists have filtered in through our weak immigration
barriers throughout the years.

The second requirement for .the conquest of America is to
make certain that the security checks against immigrants
are weak and ineffective and that there must exist loopholes
thro lgh which swarms of Red agents can enter this country
to swell the size of the subversive forces. Such a growing
army of Kremlin forces in this country accompanied by
Swanns of well-meaning, but ignorant, native-born dupes
would inevitably result in the seizure of power from the hands
of a careless and unconcerned American people * * * (p.
GIB). 1

“Most people,” Mr. Roosevelt warned, “don't realize that the
Iviei An has already invaded America.” He continued:

The reason that most Americans are not conscious of this
invasion is due to the fact that it has been going on gradually
f a .‘>9 years. The Soviet leaders have moved entire divi-
sions of their political army into our country unnoticed by
all except a few security-minded citizens. These Red forces
are a -political army which is civilian in appearance and walk

boe Communist Political Subversion. Part 1— Hearings before the Committee on Un -mV n Activi-
ties in Washington, D. C., Nov. 12. 19>'6.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 19

the streets of America indistinguishable from the rest of the
population. Their weapons of war consist of infiltration
into government, education, finance, and communications
by subversion, disruption, poisonous propaganda, and
espionage. They are largely an invisible enemy acting
behind fronts and, therefore, difficult to pinpoint. Operat-
ing as a disciplined and dedicated force, they insinuate
themselves into various sensitive and key areas of our
society (p. 0144). 1

Testifying before a Senate committee in 1949, Louis Budenz, a
former leader of the American Communist Party, amplified this
explanation of why the Kremlin seeks to maintain a constant flow
of aliens into the United States.

The Communist Party, he declared —

is shot through in its various organizational subdivisions,
tliroughout the country, with alien personnel. These
political tourists * * * have been ordered here bv Moscow
in order to steel the party here for complete service to the
Soviet dictatorship.

He continued:

This, then, is a general world pattern pursued by the
Kremlin: That the direct responsibility shall be in the hands
of aliens in any respective country in which operations are
carried on. It is the fixed design of Moscow to employ
aliens in the most responsible positions in every country.

This assures that nostalgia and patriotism may be reduced to
the minimum in the steeled ranks of Stalin's servants. The
native Communist leader therefore, is ahvay-s under the con-
trol of a superior who is an alien, or an ex-alien, the latter
having received his citizenship merely in order to serve
the Kremlin more effectively.

* * * the percentage of aliens increases and the power
of aliens rises as we get nearer to the roots. That is, nearer to
the contact with Moscow, nearer to the place from which
policy issues. The Communist Party leadership functions
on directives received from Moscow. These directives are
channelized to the party leadership by the Communist
international representative and the apparatus around him.
Until recently, this representative was Gerhart Eisler, alias
Edwards, alias Hans Berger. With him was associated
J. V. Peters, who was responsible for the espionage of the
Communist International, in cooperation with the Soviet
secret police in this country.

How do I know that? Because Mr. Peters told that to
me himself when, after he had directed many questions to me
which indicated that he had a background knowledge of
things, I asked him was I privileged to know why he
directed these inquiries at me.

“Yes; you have justified that confidence,” he said. He
told me that he was the liaison officer or link between the

1 See Communist Political Subversion, Part 1 — Ilearings before the Committee on Un-American Activi-
ties in Washington, D. C., Nov. 12, 1956.

20006 0-58 -4

20 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Communist International apparatus and the Soviet secret
police in this country.

Budenz emphasized that the influx of Communists into the United
States is not a fortuitous condition but a process initiated by the
Kremlin as an integral part of its conspiratorial operation here.

“There is a complete and extensive apparatus existing in this
country for the purpose of directing native Communists through alien
personnel,” Budenz declared—

This apparatus begins with the connection of the political
committee of the Communist Party with Moscow through
the alien agents of the Communist International. It then
proceeds to branch out into many ramifications, with its
driving force in the political tourists sent in here to function
in various departments of American life. If you cut that
lifeline between here and Moscow, you will have thrown
the Communist Party off base, because people like Earl
Browder were never anything but front men. The real
men who made the decisions and who carried out the orders
were aliens sent to this country by Moscow. That even
was carried to a point where in the party organizations and
the party press you had aliens controlling it.

SECTION III

COMMUNISM IN LOCAL AREAS

Hearings by the Committee on Un-American Activities in key cities
of the United States in 1957 established that the Communist Party
apparatus, despite setbacks to its finances and nominal membership,
nevertheless has been able to further its infiltration of vital industries.

Indeed, the committee found that the degree of success which the
Communist Party achieves has no direct relationship to the size of
the party itself. Hard core, zealous participants in the Kremlin’s
conspiracy are able to maintain a threat to the internal security of
the United States equal, if not greater, in every way to that which
the party represented at the height of its popularity. Covert, con-
cealed, hidden from the public view, the operations of the Communist
organizations are far more difficult to detect and therefore have the
opportunity of sinking deeper roots into the life of the Nation.

The committee hearings highlighted the growing use of the Com-
munist techniques of colonization of industry by small cadres of
highly trained, disciplined party members.

Through concealment of educational and employment backgrounds,
the colonizers seek unskilled jobs. Some with master’s degrees have
concealed this fact in order to be classified on a factory payroll in
menial jobs. As employees, they can then carry out the assignments
of the Communist Party, which include penetration of the union;
indoctrination of the union membership and fellow employees; recruit-
ment of these persons either into membership in the party or its
fronts; promotion of friction between management and other em-
ployees where it serves the interest of the party; and supplying
industrial information or committing espionage.

NEW ORLEANS, LA.

In New Orleans on February 15, 1957, there appeared before the
committee a seaman, Arthur Eugene, Jr., who testified extensively
about Communist efforts to control the vital New Orleans seaport by
infiltration and domination of waterfront and maritime unions.
Eugene was a member of the Communist Party from 1948 to 1956
and during part of this time served as an undercover agent for the
Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Eugene told the committee that he had been instructed by the
Communist Party to join the National Union of Marine Cooks and
Stewards, which the party already controlled. Eugene said that he
met with the Seamen’s Branch of the Communist Party while a mem-
ber of the Marine Cooks and Stewards Union.

In 1949, he told the committee, the party issued directions on
methods of circumventing the non-Communist affidavit requirement
of the Taft-Hartlev labor law. Communist union officials, he said,
were to comply with the Taft-Hartley law and were simply to lie
about the fact that they were members of the Communist Party. At

22 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

the same time they were ordered not to take part in open Communist
Party activities so that the fact of their Communist Party affiliations
would not be apparent.

These instructions were given to Eugene at a meeting of the Sea-
men’s Branch, which was also attended by Andrew Steve Nelson, now
deceased, who was president of Local No. 207 of the ILWU, and Lee
Brown, then vice president of Local No. 207. Brown appeared before
the committee and refused to answer questions relating to Communist
Party membership and activities.

Late in 1949, after a strike of the National Marine Cooks and
Stewards, Eugene was transferred to San Francisco, where lie was
assigned to the Seamen’s Branch of the party and ultimately was
assigned as a security aid to Harry Bridges, president of the Inter-
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union. Later, Eugene
said, he shipped out on the Matson luxury liner Lurline and served as
educational director of the Communist Party cell aboard.

While in San Francisco, Eugene attended the California Labor
School, which, he said, functioned as an educational adjunct of the
Communist Party. Ninety percent of the men who attended the
school, he testified, were from the ILWU and the rest were from other
unions.

Despite Coast Guard measures for banning Communists from
American ships, Mr. Eugene said, Communists, in New Orleans at
least, continued to have free access to them. Mr. Eugene himself
was “screened out” by the Coast Guard in Providence, R. I. In 1951
he returned to New Orleans.

Communist Party meetings, he said, were held at the International
Longshoremen’s hall and much of the Communist propaganda in the
area originated at the ILWU hall, where the party used the union’s
printing equipment and mimeograph and addressograph machines.
This equipment, he said, was “open to the Communist Party at all
times” and was also used by Communist Part}- front organizations,
such as the Civil Rights Congress.

Another witness before the committee in its hearing on February 15
was a prominent New Orleans phvsician, Dr. William Sorum, who was
a member of the Communist Party from 1945 until 1952. Shortly
after joining the party he was assigned to work with the New Orleans
Youth Council, a civic organization, which the party was attempting
to infiltrate. He was chairman of the Youth Council for about a year.
One of his responsibilities was the instruction of new members of the
organization in Communist doctrine. At the same time, Dr. Sorum
was a member of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare which
he had been ordered to join by the Communist Party. Dr. Sorum said
the Southern Conference was “controlled by the Communists.”
Most of the membership was not Communist, he stated, but Com-
munists occupied the top leadership positions. Dr. Sorum provided
one illuminating sidelight on the extent to which the party attempts
to regulate every aspect of its members’ lives. Dr. Sorum was plan-
ning to specialize in psychiatry but the party opposed this. Instead,
John Gates, the functionary with whom Dr. Sorum discussed the
matter, recommended that Dr. Sorum undertake an itinerant rural
practice in the course of which Dr. Sorum and a party organizer who
was to accompany him could undertake recruiting in the impoverished
communities which they visited.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 23

During the last period of his Communist Party membership, Dr.
Sorum was assigned to a professional branch in New Orleans. Other
members of this group, he told the committee, were Dr. Robert Hodes,
and his wife, Jane Hodes; and Dr. William Obrinsky and his wife,
Dr. Jane Allen Obrinsky. Dr. Sorum told the committee that during
his period of membership he was able to recruit a number of students
into the party as a result of the “direct” and the “indirect” influence
which he was able to exercise in his classes.

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

In New Haven, Conn., on February 26 and 27, 1957, the committee
called before it a number of persons regarding involvement in Com-
munist infiltration of labor unions and civic groups. These persons
were :

Mattie Sykes, Verne Weed, Harold L. Rogers, Elsie Willcox,
Samuel Richter, Louise Zito, Stanley Michalowski, and Ladislaus
Joseph Michalowski.

All of these witnesses, except Harold Rogers, refused to answer any
questions concerning Communist Party membership or Communist
Party activities. Rogers denied that he had ever been a member of
the Communist Party or that he had ever attended closed meetings
of the Communist Part} 7 .

Mattie Sykes, a member of the United Electrical Workers 1 from 1943
to 1950, relied upon the fifth amendment and refused to answer
numerous questions relating to Communist Party activities within
that period. She also refused to discuss Communist Party decisions
made on a national level and allegedly transmitted to the rank-and-file
members for their guidance in union activities at the Bridgeport plant
of General Electric Co. She denied Communist Party membership
on an I after February 13, 1957, but refused to answer all questions
relating to prior membership in the Communist Party and the making
of substantial donations to it.

Verne Weed, assistant executive director with the Children's
Services of Connecticut, 1940-56, was responsible for the foster home
and adoption part of the agency services. In this capacity, she made
the decision as to what homes should receive the children and what
was the best plan for the child. Miss Weed invoked the fifth amend-
ment when queried about Communist Party activities while employed
by the Children’s Services of Connecticut. She also invoked the
fifth amendment when asked as to present Communist Party member-
ship and activities.

Under the protection of the fifth amendment, Elsie Willcox, execu-
tive secretary of the Connecticut Peace Council, refused to testify
about its organization, chapters, and activities. Mrs. Willcox also
refused to say whether certain individuals, identified as members of
the Communist Party, were the heads of various chapters of the
Connecticut Peace Council. She also refused to answer questions
relating to the attendance of Henry and Anita Willcox at the Asian-
Pacific Conference of the World Peace Council at Peking, China, and
their participation in the activities of the Connecticut Peace Council on
their return to the United States. Mrs. Willcox refused to answer
questions regarding her present or past membership in the Communist
Party on the ground that to do so might tend to incriminate her.

‘This refers to United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America.

24 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN'- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Considerable testimony was taken at the hearing regarding the
Connecticut Volunteers for Civil Rights. Application for Post Office
Box No. 347, New Haven, Conn., was introduced in evidence showing
that Bert MacLeech, previously identified as a member of the Com-
munist Party, was chairman of the Connecticut Volunteers for Civil
Rights. The testimony disclosed that this post-office box was used
in connection with the dissemination of propaganda designed to influ-
ence the administration of justice in the Smith Act trials, which took
place in New Haven in 1956.

Samuel Richter and Louise Zito were questioned regarding their
activities in this organization and the distribution of propaganda
emanating from this organization. Committee investigation is con-
tinuing regarding the Connecticut Volunteers for Civil Rights and the
Connecticut Peace Council.

Stanley Michalowski and Ladislaus J. Michalowski, employed in
industry in New Britain, Conn., refused to inform the committee as to
what took place at an alleged meeting of the Trade Union Commission
of the Communist Party, held in 1953 and attended by delegates from
the Communist Party groups in the New Haven area. Stanley
Michalowski refused to affirm or deny that he was at one time head of
the Communist Party at Hartford. Although he denied Communist
Party membership at the time of his appearance before the committee,
he refused to answer whether or not he was a member of the Com-
munist Party on the day prior to his appearance as a witness.
Ladislaus J. Michalowski refused to state whether or not he was at the
time of the hearings a member of the Communist Party.

BALTIMORE, MD.

In Baltimore, Md., in hearings on May 7, 8 , and 9, 1957, the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities received further information of
Communist penetration of key industrial areas.

The most dramatic testimony came from Clifford C. Miller, Jr., an
employee of the Bethlehem Steel mill at Sparrows Point.

Mr. Miller, a graduate of the University of West Virginia, was an
active member of the Communist conspiracy until the time he took
the stand to testify before the committee. In fact, he had met with
his superior in the Communist Party only a couple of weeks prior to
his appearance.

Mr. Miller joined the Communist Party in 1948, and remained a
member during 1948 and 1949, when, he testified:

* * * as a result of my continued study of Marxism-
Leninism, I decided that, instead of Marxism-Leninism being
an ideology that should have my support, it was a diabolical
ideology that should be fought * * *.

In 1953, he rejoined the Communist Party at the request of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. He retained this role in the party
until the time he appeared before the committee.

In his testimony, Mr. Miller emphasized these two points: (1) The
Communist conspiracy is more menacing today than it has ever been,
and (2) the Communist Party today is almost entirely underground.

Discussing the 16th National Convention of the Communist Party
held in New York City in February of 1957, Mr. Miller labeled as utter
nonsense the avowed claim of the convention that the Communist

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Party in the United States has no direct connection with the Commu-
nist international organization directed from Moscow, or that the
Communist Party does not stand for obtaining its objectives through
force and violence. Mr. Miller added that such assertions “will be
believed only by those who have a predilection to believe such non-
sense.’ ’

Mr. Miller declared that the Bethlehem Steel plant at Sparrows
Point is the focal point of Communist Party concentration in the
Baltimore area; that the main duties of members of the Steel Club of
the Communist Party in Baltimore were to diligently attend union
meetings, to obtain positions of importance in the union, and to in-
fluence fellow steelworkers and recruit them into the Communist Party.

As an employee of Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point, and a mem-
ber of the Steel Club of the Communist Party, Mr. Miller had learned
the identity of approximately eight other Communist Party members
who were also employees of Bethlehem Steel. Also, while a member
of the Communist Party in 1948 and 1949, Mr. Miller had learned
the identity of numerous other persons who were, likewise, party
members.

COMMUNISTS NAMED

One of the individuals identified by Mr. Miller as a Communist
Party member was Aaron Ostrofsky, Miller’s immediate superior in
the party just prior to Miller’s appearance and testimony. Ostrofsky,
he said, was chairman of the Steel Section of the Communist Party.
Called as a witness and given an opportunity to affirm or deny Mr.
Miller’s charges, Mr. Ostrofsky chose to invoke the privileges of the
fifth amendment.

Other Bethlehem Steel employees identified by Mr. Miller as mem-
bers of the Steel Club of the Communist Party were Irving Spec tor,
William Wood, Levy Williamson, and Benjamin M. Fino. All of
these invoked the privileges of the fifth amendment when asked to
affirm or deny Mr. Miller’s testimony about them.

Miss Irene Barkaga, an undercover operative for the Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation from April 1952 to July 1954, testified at length
concerning her activities in the Communist Party. During that
period, she said, she met with several different groups. The size was
limited for security reasons to no more than 3 or 4 members at any
one time. She also met on several occasions with a group operating
in the Communist Party underground and with the Youth Commission
of the Communist Party in Baltimore. One of the highlights of her
testimony was the disclosure that the Communist Party was attempt-
ing the penetration of non-Communist and/or anti-Communist groups
in Baltimore. She cited instances of Communist Party members
active in groups like the Parent Teachers Association, League of
Women Voters, and others. In Miss Barkaga’s endeavor to obtain
information for the FBI, she was also active in several recognized
Communist Party fronts, including the Labor Youth League and the
Baltimore Youth for Peace.

Three of the persons identified as members of the Communist Party
by Miss Barkaga were subpenaed as witnesses before the committee.
They were Miss Sirkka Tuomi Lee, a secretary; Claire Friedman
Round, a former school teacher; and Fred Hallengren, an airline
mechanic. All three relied on the privilege of the fifth amendment,

26 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

refusing to answer questions concerning Communist Party member-
ship or activities.

During the course of the hearings, the committee endeavored to
obtain information on the Communist Party organizational structure
of District 4, which encompasses Maryland and the District of Co-
lumbia. George A. Meyers, who was convicted under the Smith Act
and released from a Federal prison during 1957. was subpenaed as a
witness. He refused, however, to state whether or not he had resumed
his duties as head of District 4.

Irving Kan del, who was identified by Miller as head of District 4
in Meyers 1 absence, also invoked the fifth amendment concerning his
present or past leadership of District 4.

William S. Johnson, who has been identified as a member of the
Communist Party in sworn testimony b\ several individuals before
the committee, also invoked the fifth amendment when asked whether
or not he was at the time of the hearings head of the Communist
Party in the District of Columbia.

Mrs. Jeanette Fino, identified as a Communist Party member by
Mr. Miller, refused to state whether she was a member of the Com-
munist Party or whether she was at the time of the hearings the dis-
tributor of the Daily Worker in the Baltimore area. She persistently
invoked the fifth amendment when the committee displayed to her
canceled checks drawn by her and payable to the F & D Printing Co.,
which printed the Daily Worker. Some of these cheeks were dated as
recently as March 1957.

Charles M. Craig, Sr., who, like Clifford Miller and Irene Barkaga,
had been a member of the Communist Party at the behest of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, testified concerning his knowledge
and experiences in the Communist Party. He was a member of the
Communist Party from 1943 until 1951 and was assigned to three
separate clubs of the Communist Party. In them he held the offices
of financial secretary and literary director.

Mr. Craig identified a number of persons who were known to him
to be Communist Party members. Among these were Milton Seif and
Otto Yerrell, both of whom were employed at the Bethlehem ship-
yard in the Baltimore area. Seif had appeared before a general exec-
utive board of his union, the Industrial Union of Marine and Ship-
building Workers of America, in March 1956, and had denied that he
was, or had ever been, a member of the Communist Party. However,
at the time, he was not placed under oath; and when questioned during
the committee hearings as to the truth of his statements to the general
executive board of his union, he invoked the fifth amendment.

Yerrell likewise invoked the fifth amendment when asked to affirm
or deny Mr. Craig's identification of him as a member of the Commu-
nist Party. Both Seif and Yerrell had previously been candidates
for the State legislature on the Progressive Party ticket in the State of
Maryland.

Another person identified as a Communist by Mr. Craig was
Abraham Kotelchuck, a former physicist at the Aberdeen Proving
Ground who was dismissed by the Government in 1946 for security
reasons. He subsequently obtained employment in industry in Balti-
more. Kotelchuck invoked the fifth amendment in response to ques-
tions concerning Communist activities.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 27

During the 3-dav hearings in Baltimore, six other witnesses ap-
peared: Mary Roberts, chairman of the Baltimore Committee To
Defeat the Smith Act, who has been previously identified as a Com-
munist Party member under oath before the Committee on Un-
American Activities; Elsie Winter, an office worker who was active
in the Parent Teachers Association and was identified as a Communist
Party member by Air. Craig; Milton Bates, a salesman who holds an
LL.B. degree and was also identified as a Communist by Craig;
Herbert X ichol, a teacher at a private school in Baltimore, who has been
identified under oath as a Communist Party member; Marcella Halper
Avnet, a former schoolteacher, active in Parent Teachers Association
and other organizations in the Baltimore area and who was identified
by Craig and, previously, by another witness before this committee
as a member of the Communist Party; and Harold Buchman, prac-
ticing attorney in Baltimore, who was cochairman of the Progressive
Party for the State of Maryland.

All of them invoked the fifth amendment in refusing to furnish the
committee any information concerning Communist Party activities in
the Baltimore area.

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.

For the third time since 1953, a subcommittee of the Committee on
Un-American Activities held hearings in the city of San Francisco.
The first hearing was held December 1-5, 1953, at which data of a
geneial nature concerning the internal workings of the Communist
Party in the San Francisco Bay area were gathered. 1 The hearings of
December 10 and 11, 1956, concentrated on Communist propaganda of
a foreign source entering the port of San Francisco and its local dis-
semination. 2

The December 1956 hearing also demonstrated that Communist or-
ganizations and individuals representing said organizations in the
San Francisco area were participating in a nationwide program es-
poused by the Communist Party to formulate mass public opinion
against legislation to curb the activities of the Communist Party, and
thus neutralize internal security. Legislation under bitter attack was
the Smith Act, the Internal Security Act of 1950, and the Immigration
and Nationality Act. 3

The hearings of June 18-21, 1957, concentrated on an entirely new
field in the San Francisco area. Broadly speaking, the main subject
of investigation was the extent, character, and objects of Communist-
Party activities within the professions. The legislative purpose was
to secure facts which would assist this committee and the Congress in
the consideration of legislation designed to strengthen the provisions
of the Internal Security Act of 1950, and to protect our form of govern-
ment and our country from the threat of international communism.

The Professional Section of the Communist Party was shown by
the testimony to consist of tightly organized secret groups of the Com-
munist Party, composed of members of the various professions. The
identity of those who were members of the professional groups of the
Communist Party was kept secret from the rank-and-file members
and for the most part the same secrec} 7 was maintained within the

1 See Investigation of Communist Activities in the San Francisco Area, pts. 1 to 5, inclusive, pp. 3055-3499

2 See Investigation of Communist Propaganda in the United States— pt. 3, pp. 6039-6139, inclusive.

* See Communist Political Subversion, pt. 1, pp. 6861-6934, inclusive.

20006 0 -58 -5

28 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Professional Section of the Communist Party as to the identity of
members of the respective groups.

The evidence disclosed that the lawyers and doctors had their re-
spective organizational units. Those engaged in the newspaper field
were at one time members of a separate unit of a Professional Sec-
tion of the Communist Party, but later became members, along with
teachers, artists, musicians, and other professionals, in a miscellaneous
unit of the Professional Section of the Communist Party.

The committee interrogated 31 witnesses in open session, and 4 in
closed session. Two witnesses testified at length regarding their Com-
munist Party membership. Jack Patten, a professor at a leading
university, laid before the subcommittee a pattern of Communist
intrigue from the date of his membership in 1936, to his leaving the
Communist Party in 1948, with the exception of 26 months when he
served in the United States Army. He gave a detailed account of his
experiences while a member of the Communist Party in the Profes-
sional Section in San Francisco during the years 1941 through 1943,
and again from 1946 through 1947.

PROGRAM OF PROFESSIONAL UNIT

Dorothy Jeffers, a former schoolteacher and social worker, who
joined the Communist Party at the request of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, testified as to her membership from 1943 to 1952. Her
entire experience in the Communist Party was within the Professional
Section in San Francisco. Her testimony illuminated the objectives of
the Professional Section and outlined the assignments of individual
Professional Section members. Members of the Professional Section,
according to Mrs. Jeffers, were assigned to join and work in mass
organizations, to gain positions of importance, to further the Com-
munist Party line on given subjects, and to neutralize anti-Communist
opposition. The end result of this program ^svas to attempt to create
a pro-Communist atmosphere in San Francisco.

Of the remaining 29 witnesses who were heard in open session, 28
refused to answer pertinent questions relating to their knowledge of
Communist Party activities of the Professional Section of the Com-
munist Party and its members, in reliance upon the decision of the
Supreme Court in the case of Watkins v. United States , decided June
17, 1957, the day before the hearings began. However, upon explana-
tion of the subject under inquiry and the pertinency of the respective
questions to the subject, each finally resorted to the self-incrimination
clause of the fifth amendment as a reason for refusal to answer.

Louis Earl Hartman, a radio broadcaster, refused to state whether
or not he was at the time of the hearing a member of a professional
group of the Communist Party at Berkeley, Calif.; whether or not he
was elected chairman of the professional group of the Communist
Party at Berkeley in January 1957; and the nature of propaganda
activity in which the professional group of the Communist Party at
Berkeley was engaged. This witness did not rely upon the self-
incriminating clause of the fifth amendment in his refusal to answer,
but based his refusal to answer on the decision of the Supreme Court
in Watkins v. United States.

To evaluate the success of the Communist program and the damage
-done to the United States Government is extremely difficult; how-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 29

ever, it can be said that an analysis made of evidence pertaining to
the membership of some 120 past and present members of the Pro-
fessional Section shows that only three members of the section, ex-
cluding Dorotlw Jeffers, an FBI operative, were willing to admit
their Communist Party membership and relate their experiences while
members.

LAWYERS INVOKE FIFTH AMENDMENT

Attorneys Charles R. Garry, Benjamin Dreyfuss, and Hugh B.
Miller, all identified during the hearing as members of the lawyers' cell
(Haymarket Club) of the Professional Section, were called as wit-
nesses but invoked the fifth amendment when questioned concerning
testimony by witnesses Jeffers and Patten.

Heard as witnesses from the medical cell were Dr. Solomon Bineman,
Dr. Morton Garfield, Dr. Asher Gordon, Dr. Rose Payne (research
associate), and Dr. Evelyn Siris (Mrs. Lawrence Levitan), all of
whom relied on the self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment
and refused to affirm or deny Communist Part}" membership.

From the miscellaneous or multiprofessions cell of the Professional
Section, the following testified, all availing themselves of the provi-
sions of the fifth amendment : Sydney H. Brisker, architect ; John M.
(Jack) Eshleman, newspaperman; Morton L. Elkins, Thomas D.
Hardwick, John Horowitz, Jane Scribner, Sidney Rubin, former
schoolteachers; Rebecca L. (Bea) Melner, Jane Robinson Castellanos,
and Edward L. (Ned) Hanchett, present educators.

David Sarvis and George Hitchcock, part-time actors and directors
of the now defunct California Labor School, were called as witnesses
to ascertain the degree of influence of the Communist Party in San
Francisco acting groups. Both persons are connected with The Inter-
plavers, theatre group in San Francisco and both declined to respond
to questions using the self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment
as refuge.

COMMUNIST LITERATURE

Another subject under inquiry b} r the committee was the dissemi-
nation of Communist Party literature within the San Francisco area
received from both foreign and domestic sources. The committee is
considering legislative means of strengthening the Foreign Agents
Registration Act so as to afford a more effective means of counteract
ing the schemes and devices used in avoiding the prohibitions of the
act with regard to the tremendous flow of political propaganda of a
Communist origin entering this country. A dissemination point of
such Communist Party propaganda in San Francisco is the Interna-
tional Book Store, Inc., located at 1408 Market Street. Mr. Ellis Col-
ton, manager of the store, was subpenaed to appear before the sub-
committee. He refused to affirm or deny Communist Party member-
ship, although previously identified as a member of the Communist
Party, and further declined to discuss the sources from which he
received Communist Party publications which had been purchased
at the International Book Store. He was also questioned on mat.eiial
in the possession of the subcommittee purchased at the bookstore in
recent months, none of which was labeled as required by the Foreign
Agents Registration Act.

30 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

The committee, in endeavoring to ascertain the current strength and
activities of the Professional Section, subpenaed Angela Ward, former
organizer for the Professional Section who resigned the latter part
of December 1956; Peggy Sarasohn, current active organizer of the
Professional Section; and Irving Kermish, a social worker, who had
resigned from the Professional Section during the first quarter of
1957. These three refused to respond to questions, relying on the
self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment.

In line with the committee’s investigation concerning the limitations
on the issuance of passports to members of the Communist Party, testi-
mony w r as heard from Harvey Richards, a Communist Party propa-
gandist specializing in South American countries. He had just re-
turned from South America and recently had engaged in a lecture tour
in the United States criticizing American foreign policy in the South
American countries. His travels are considered inimical to the best
interests of the United States. Although passports are not required
for travel to South American countries, the attention of the Secretary
of State was called to the problems arising from travel-free restrictions
of Communist Party members in that area.

BUFFALO, N. Y.

Hearings in Buffalo on October 2, 3, and 4, 1957, furnished additional
evidence of Communist tactics in penetrating industry. This evi-
dence showed clearly the need for additional security legislation,
particularly provisions dealing with the falsification of social-security
cards by Communist Party members.

The need for enactment of legislation of this type was illustrated
on several occasions during the course of the hearings in Buffalo. One
of the witnesses, David Martin Brownstone, had been employed as a
laborer at the Bethlehem Steel plant in Lackawanna, a suburb of
Buffalo, as part of the Communist program of colonization, the method
whereby Communists, at the behest of the Communist Party, obtain
employment in indusUy for the purposes of recruiting and/or in-
fluencing coworkers. Generally, these individuals apply for a posi-
tion requiring less training and education than they actually possess.
Many are college graduates holding one or more degrees.

Brownstone, a college graduate with 3 years of law study at Cornell
University, had applied for a position as a laborer at Bethlehem
Steel. When he moved to the Buffalo area, he assumed a completely
new r identity for himself and his family. Under the name of Frederick
J. Werner, he obtained employment at Bethlehem Steel. In his
application he falsified his place and date of birth, previous addresses,
previous employment, his education (indicating only high school),
and gave pseudonyms for all the members of his family. To complete
that sham, he used a false social-security card.

In previous hearings of the committee, Brownstone had been identi-
fied as a member of the Communist Party by four individuals. In
1954, the committee held hearings in Albany, N. Y. At the time,
efforts were made to locate and subpena Brownstone as a witness.’
However, an extensive investigation failed to reveal his whereabouts.
It came to light during the Buffalo investigation that at the very
time the committee sought Brownstone he w~as operating in the under-
ground under the name of Werner and was employed at Bethlehem
Steel.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 31

When interrogated in the Buffalo hearings, Brownstone refused, on
the basis of the fifth amendment, to give the committee any informa-
tion concerning colonization or the Communist Party.

Charles V. Regan, who had been an undercover operative in the
ranks of the Communist Party for the FBI, showed the reasons for
Brownst one’s deception. Mr. Regan identified a document which
came into his possession while a member of the Communist Party.
The document was in the form of a directive to other party members.
The first paragraph reads as follows:

Three basic industries, steel, railroad, and mining. These
are basic to the national economy: that is, if any one or all
three are shut down by strike our economy is paralyzed. It
is necessary for a Marxist Revolutionary "Party to be rooted
in these industries.

Mr. Regan further described the importance to the Communist
Party, of its infiltration into industry in general and particularly the
steel industry, in the Buffalo area. He cited numerous meetings he
had attended at which the importance of infiltration and the tactics
to be employed in such infiltration were discussed.

During the course of his testimony, Air. Regan identified approxi-
mately 75 persons he had known to be members of the Communist
Party.

The extent to which the Communist Party has gone to penetrate
industry was brought out in evidence produced before the committee
in interrogating other witnesses. Thirty-four persons were subpenaed
as witnesses. Of these, more than one-half were, or had recently been,
employed in basic industry in the Buffalo area. Many were college
graduates primarily from New York City, who had moved to Buffalo
to work in industry, particularly in steel plants. Of the 8 or 10 college
graduates, some holding master’s degrees, all had failed to indicate
more than a high-school education in their applications for employ-
ment. Many of these persons had been successful in obtaining posi-
tions of relative importance in their unions.

Two individuals who appeared as witnesses and who were employed
in industr} T were Sam Brook and James Annaccone. Both held offices
in their respective unions which required their signing non-Communist
affidavits under the provisions of the Taft-Hartley law. However,
both refused, on the basis of the fifth amendment, to state whether
or not they told the truth when they indicated that they were not
members of the Communist Party in executing this affidavit.

COMMUNISTS MISUSE PASSPORTS

Joseph A. Chatley, who, like Air. Regan, served within the ranks of
the Communist Party for the FBI, from 1949 to approximately 1952,
provided the committee with valuable information concerning the
Communist misuse of passports. Air. Chatley testified that he was
contacted by Irving Charles Velson, an identified Communist Party
member, and was told that he had been selected as a delegate of the
American Committee To Survey Trade Union Conditions in Europe.
Air. Chatley testified that the true purpose of this trip was for Com-
munist propaganda. He also identified numerous persons he had
known as Communist Party members, in many instances corroborat-
ing the testimony of Mr. Regan.

32 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

The committee has received testimony recently to the effect that
the Communist Party is reviving its tactic of infiltration of “legiti-
mate” organizations; that is, non-Communist and/or anti-Communist
groups. Mr. Regan gave corroborative testimony of this.

Four witnesses were called before the committee in its inquiry into
this aspect of the party’s work: Beverly Levine, Ruth Bolton, Nancy
Hull Salmin, and Betty Thorn er. All were active in the local YWCA
in Buffalo. However, all refused, claiming their privilege under the
fifth amendment, to state whether they were or had been members of
the Communist Party.

Various other persons active in other civic and social organizations
were called before the committee. They all invoked the fifth amend-
ment rather than answer questions of the committee.

Another witness who cooperated with the committee was Mr. Loyd
E. Kinsey, who had been a functionary of the Communist Party in the
Buffalo area until approximately 1948. He furnished corroborative
information to the effect that one of the primary aims of the Com-
munist Party in that area was to penetrate basic industry, particu-
larly the steel industry. Mr. Kinsey was also able to furnish the
names of persons who had been known to him to be members of the
Communist Party.

One of the individuals named by Mr. Kinsey was Miss Helen
Mintz, an attorney employed by the city of Buffalo. When interro-
gated by the committee, Miss Mintz denied that she was or had been
a member of the Communist Party.

Many persons who appeared before the committee stated under
oath that they were not members of the Communist Party at that
moment but invoked the fifth amendment as to membership immedi-
ately preceding their appearance. Several even invoked the fifth
amendment on anticipated membership in the future, the obvious
conclusion being that they had resigned technical membership in the
Communist Party for the purpose of being able to appear before the
committee and state that they were not then members of the Com-
munist Party.

SECTION IV

COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA

Hearings by the Committee on Un-American Activities in Wash-
ington, D. C., New York, New Orleans, Chicago, and Buffalo during
the past year produced proof that Communist propaganda directed
to nationality groups in the United States and the Communist-
dominated foreign language press together constitute one of the
Kremlin’s chief propaganda operations in the United States.

This propaganda, in turn, is part of a global program which ranks as
one of the Kremlin’s most important instruments of conquest. In-
deed, Communist expansion cannot proceed without effective distri-
bution of its propaganda.

Henry Loomis, then Director of the Office of Research and Intel-
ligence of the United States Information Agency, estimated that as
many as 25 million persons throughout the world are directly engaged
in disseminating Communist propaganda. Mr. Loomis also declared
that —

Every person who has any contacts outside his immediate
family or tribe, is subjected to Communist propaganda in
one form or another.

In command of this propaganda operation, Mr. Loomis reported, is
the Agitprop section of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,
which has 14 departments, the most important of which are those for
press, publishing, film, radio, literature, art, cultural enlightenment,
schools, and science. Emphasizing the role of propaganda in the
International Communist program, Mr. Loomis quoted a maxim of
Lenin :

Without a Communist press, the preparation for the
dictatorship of the proletariat is impossible.

In the hearings in New York, Chicago, New Orleans, and Buffalo,
the committee received information about the quantity of Communist
propaganda entering the United States. In New Orleans, the wit-
nesses were Milton L. LeBlanc, Assistant Collector of Customs, New
Orleans, La.; Irving Fishman, Deputy Collector of Customs, New
York City; Margaret M. Rosano, United States Customs Service,
New York City; Saul J. Mindel, Post Office Department, Washing-
ton, D. C.; and Sgt. Hubert J. Badeaux, New Orleans Police De-
partment.

Mr. Fishman testified on the efforts of the United States Govern-
ment to control the flow of Communist propaganda into the United
States. He stated that the customs service has control units at three
ports of entry: in San Francisco, Chicago, and New York. However,
he noted that there are approximately 45 ports of entry through
which material ma} 7 be sent into the United States.

34 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Commenting on the labeling of Communist propaganda as required
by the Foreign Agents Registration Act, Mr. Fishman stated that
during his entire period of service with the United States Customs, he
had never seen a piece of Communist propaganda from abroad
labeled in compliance with the act.

FLOOD OF COMMUNIST LITERATURE

Mr. Fishman testified further that during 1956 customs officers
had examined some 6,900,000 pieces of individual Communist propa-
ganda coming into this country from foreign sources. Most of these,
he said, were weekly, monthly, or special issue publications. About
40 percent were printed in foreign languages.

In a 30-day spot check of material transshipped from New Orleans
to points outside the United States, he said, customs officers examined
1,246 sacks of mail and found that these contained some 11,000 indi-
vidual pieces of Communist propaganda. This proportion, he said,
would indicate that some 130,000 invididual items of Communist
propaganda passed through the port of New Orleans each year.

During the hearings, several sacks of mail were opened and inspected
for the first time. In them the committee found a number of copies of
a Bulletin of Information from the Soviet Embassy in Mexico, along
with other propaganda material.

Most of this material, the committee was told, was destined for
schools, colleges, libraries, and church groups. Mr. Fishman testified
that many of the officials of these organizations receiving this propa-
ganda had asked the Bureau of Customs to withhold any future
material of this type so addressed because they did not want it and
would rather have it destroyed before they receive it.

Mr. Fishman stated further that not all of the Communist propa-
ganda he had examined during his service with the Bureau of Customs
originated from the Soviet Union or the satellite countries; much of it
came from France and England.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE PRESS

The hearings in New York and Chicago were concerned with an in-
quiry into Communist penetration of the foreign-language press. Ap-
pearing before the committee in New York were 28 witnesses from
foreign-language publications, Communist periodicals, publishing
firms, and bookstores. They were Zoltan Deak, editor of Hungarian
Word; Catherine Gyarmaty, editor of Nok Vilaga, a Hungarian
monthly periodical; Alex Rosner, business manager of Hungarian
Word; Louis Dattler, secretary of Hungarian Word; Arpad Fodor
Nagy, treasurer of Hungarian Word; Clara Reich, secretary of Nok
Vilaga; Michael Savides, business manager of Grcek-American Trib-
une; James Lee, editor of China Daily News, a Chinese-language
daily; Michael Tkach, editor of Ukrainian Daily News; Frank Ilchuk,
secretary-treasurer of Ukrainian Daily News; Anthony Bimba, editor
of Sviesa, a Lithuanian quarterly; Roy Mizara, editor of Laisve, a
Lithuanian-language weekly ; David Z. Ivrinkin, editor of Russky Golos,
a Russian-language daily ; Theodore Bayer, former president of Russky
Golos Publishing Corp., publisher of Russky Golos ; Samuel J. Nikolauk,
secretaiy of the Russky Golos Publishing Corp.; Paul Novick, editor
of the Morning Freiheit, a Yiddish daily; Irving Freed, managing

REPORT OF COM^IITTE'E ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 35

editor of the Morning Freiheit; Gerhard Hagelberg, editor of the
Germ an- American; John Gates, then editor of the Daily Worker;
Angus Cameron, of the publishing firm of Cameron & Kahn and presi-
dent of the Liberty Book Club; Rose Baron, owner and manager of the
Workers Book Shop, the “official” Communist Party bookstore in
New York; Margaret Cowl Krumbein, presently associated with Im-
ported Publications & Products, Inc., a registered agent for many
Communist publishing firms in the Soviet Union ; Sol Auerbach (James
S. Allen), an official of International Publishers; Joseph Felshin, an
official of New Century Publishers and associated with the publica-
tion, Political Affairs; Jessica Smith (Abt), presently associated with
New World Review; and Milton Howard, an official of Mainstream.

IDENTIFIES COMMUNISTS

John Lautner, a former member of the Nationality Groups Commis-
sion of the Communist Party, named IS of these persons whom he had
known as Communists. These 18 were Zoltan Deak, Catherine
Gyarmaty, Alex Rosner, Louis Dattler, Arpad Fodor Nagy, Clara
Reich, Zvlichael Tkach, Theodore Bayer, Samuel Nikolauk, Paul
Novick, Irving Freed, John Gates, Rose Baron, Margaret Cowl
Krumbein, Sol Auerbach, Joseph Felshin, Jessica Smith (Abt), and
Milton Howard. Mr. Lautner also identified as Communists two
persons not summoned before the committee: Margaret Adler, business
manager of the German-American, and Boris Cohen, head of Prompt
Press.

All of the witnesses appearing before the committee who had been
identified as Communists invoked the fifth amendment in response
to questions relating to Communist Party affiliation and the activi-
ties of the newspapers and publishing concerns for which they work.

Moreover, 13 of them invoked the fifth amendment on whether
or not the} T were members of the Communist Party on the date of
their naturalization. They were Michael Savides, Michael Tkach,
Anthony Bimba, Roy Mizara, David Ivrinkin, Theodore Bayer,
Zoltan Deak, Catherine Gyarmaty, Louis Dattler, Clara Reich,
Samuel Nikolauk, Paul Novick, Gerhard Hagelberg.

Michael Tkach, editor of the Ukrainian Daily News, and Gerhard
Hagelberg, editor of the German-American Tribune, refused to answer
questions respecting Soviet espionage. Mr. Tkach had been identified
by Elizabeth T. Bentley in sworn testimony as an important member of
a Soviet espionage ring operating in the United States.

Mr. Hagelberg, also known as Charles Wisley, writer for New
Masses, and Jerry Kramer, a member of the Communist Party in
Brooklyn, invoked the fifth amendment when asked, “What contacts
have you had in the course of last year with persons who are represent-
atives in the United States of foreign governments?”

COMMUNIST IMPACT DESCRIBED

Mr. Lautner testified that the Communist press exerts a “terrific
impact” on foreign-language groups in the United States, particularly
on the large industrial areas. Lautner said 10 of the editors and
officers of publications held important posts in Communist Party
nationality groups or bureaus in the United States.

20006 0 -58 -6

36 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Mr. Lautner stated that the now defunct International Workers
Order was a primary source of financial assistance to both the English-
and foreign-language segments of the Communist press. Mr. Lautner
concluded his testimony by exposing the fraudulent “new look” of
the Communist Party in the United States which the 16th National
Convention of the Communist Party tried to perpetrate by disavowing
any conspiratorial connection with Moscow. According to Mr. Laut-
ner, evidence of this fraud is best demonstrated by the fact that the
Communist Party in the United States in convention refused to
repudiate Leninism and failed utterly to denounce Soviet barbarism
in Hungar} r .

Exhibits introduced at the hearings confirmed that certain segments
of the foreign-language press in this country are propaganda pipelines
for Moscow.

The committee also questioned Joseph Starobin, formerly the for-
eign editor for the Daily Worker. Starobin admitted his own party
membership and connections with various propaganda outlets for the
Communist Party, but refused to cooperate with the committee in
disclosing the identity of others associated with him in the Communist
Party.

COMMUNIST PRESS IN CHICAGO

In Chicago, the committee heard nine witnesses associated with
foreign-language newspapers in Chicago, Detroit, and Superior, Wis.,
areas. These witnesses, all of whom invoked the fifth amendment on
questions relating to Communist associations and Communist Party
membership, were:

Nellie DeSehaaf, former English section editor and current
contributor to Vilnis, Lithuanian daily, printed in Chicago.

Jacob Pauliukas, business manager of Vilnis.

Leon Pruseika, an editor of Vilnis.

Anthony Minerich, business manager of Narodni Glasnik,
published in Chicago.

John Zuskar, publisher and editor of Ludova Noviny, published
in Chicago.

George Wastila, editor of Tyomies-Eteenpain, Finnish language
daily published in Superior, Wis.

Wladislaw Kucharski, editor of Glos Ludowy, Polish language
paper published in Detroit.

Boelio Mircheff, managing editor of Narodna Volya, Bulgarian
language paper published in Detroit.

Nicholas Markoff, treasurer of Narodna Volya.

The testimony established that Chicago is the headquarters for the
largest of all the Communist papers, the Lithuanian daily, Vilnis,
whose circulation of 32,000 daily exceeds that of the Communist
Daily Worker. All of its principal officers have been identified as
Communists. Several of its former editors are subjects of deportation
proceedings.

Two witnesses were interrogated about the dissemination of Com-
munist propaganda in the Chicago area. Both refused on the grounds
of possible self-incrimination to answer questions concerning propa-
ganda activities of the Communist Party. The two witnesses were:

Otto Wangerin, operator of the Modern Book Store, a party
outlet for the Chicago area, who invoked the fifth amendment

REPORT OF <»MMITTEE ON TfN^AMER I CAN ACTIVITIES 37

when questioned concerning his Communist Party affiliations
and the type of material disseminated by his bookstore.

John A. Rossen, who also invoked the fifth amendment when
questioned about any Communist Party affiliations. In testi-
mony, Mr. Rossen was identified as executive director of the
Chicago Council of American-Soviet Friendship and the owner
of L. M. S. Amusement Co., Inc., which operates the Cinema
Annex Theater in Chicago.

The evidence in the record of the committee hearings is clear, and
the committee so finds, that the Hungarian Word, Nok Vilaga,
Russkv Golos, German -American Tribune, and Vilnis are Communist-
controlled publications and that the Modern Book Store, Chicago,
is the party outlet for Communist Party propaganda and literature
in that area.

BUFFALO DISTRIBUTION CENTER

In Buffalo, X. Y., in a public hearing on October 1, 1957, the com-
mittee interrogated at length two identified Communists, Mortimer
Scheer and Sidney Turoff about the distribution of Communist
propaganda in the Buffalo area.

Mortimer Scheer invoked the fifth amendment in response to all
questions relating to Communist Party membership and activity.
Mr. Turoff readily admitted his own membership and activity in the
Communist Party. However, he refused to give the committee the
identity of any individuals known to him to have been members of
the Communist Party. Mr. Turoff also admitted purchasing printing
presses to be used by the Communist Party and its members in the
Buffalo area.

Also appearing at this hearing were Irving Fishman, deputy collector
of customs in New York, and Miss Eleanor Suske and Serge Buteneff,
administrative assistants in the Restricted Merchandise Division of
the United States Customs Service in New York. They testified that
approximately 3,000 pieces of Communist propaganda were being
sent to the Buffalo area for distribution per month.

METROPOLITAN MUSIC SCHOOL, INC.

Closely allied to the Communist propaganda program are the
Kremlin’s efforts to infiltrate and control important cultural activi-
ties in the United States. In the past, the committee has received
considerable evidence of Communist activities in the motion-picture,
radio, and television industries. In hearings in New York on April
9-12, 1957, the committee uncovered further Communist efforts to
penetrate the field of arts. These hearings were concerned with the
Metropolitan Music School, Inc., of New York, and they showed
clearly that the Metropolitan Music School is controlled by Com-
munists.

The committee was able to determine that:

(1) Considerable service has been, and continues to be, given to
the Communist cause by Communist artists and musicians. Even a
hostile witness, Earl Robinson, composer, conductor, and performing
artist, admitted that the use of an artist’s name and his prestige can
promote a “cause” and that certain music is “revolutionary.”

38 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

(2) Some of the witnesses identified as Communists in the Metro-
politan Music School hearings enjoy great influence and prestige as
composers, conductors, agents, and members of world-renowned
symphonic and concert groups. Many work in the most lucrative
fields of music: Television, radio, theater pits, and record companies.
One witness was chairman of the board of the Symphony of the Air;
another was a member of its personnel committee; still another en-
gages musicians for orchestras to accompany productions and artists
presented by an internationally famous impresario.

(3) The importance of many of the witnesses who were identified as
Communists is further evidenced by the fact that they have performed,
and their works have been performed, in some of the most important
musical centers and theaters throughout the world, sometimes under
the sponsorship of cultural agencies of the United States Government.
One such witness entertained at the White House; another worked for
the Adjutant General of the United States as a translator for the
United Nations, first in the Russian Translation Section and later for
its International Telecommunications Union. He refused to say
whether or not he had been a Communist or whether he had been in
communication with any Soviet agent. At the time of the hearings he
held the position of music librarian for an important music publishing
house.

SCHOOL OFFICERS IDENTIFIED

In the hearings and investigation by the committee Miss Lilly
Popper, the director and founder of the Metropolitan Music School;
Wallingford Riegger, president emeritus; John Kenneth Ackley, the
registrar; Sidney Finkelstein, Thelma P^le, and Harry M. Smyles,
members of the board of directors; and Mildred Hagler, a former
secretary, all of the Metropolitan Music School, Inc., were identified
as members of the Communist Party or invoked the fifth amendment
when inteixogated on the question of Communist Party membership.

Wallingford Riegger was identified by John Lautner, not only as a
Communist Party member, but as a branch organizer, treasurer, and
general functionary of the Communist Party. Lucy Brown, Max
Hollander, Sam Morgenstern, Max Pollikoff, Vivian Rivkin, and Earl
Robinson, all sponsors of the Metropolitan Music School, invoked
the fifth amendment when questioned about Communist Party mem-
bership. Carroll Hollister, another sponsor, had been identified as a
party member in a prior hearing.

Twenty-four identified Communists have been on the faculty of the
school. Some of the instructors have also taught at the Jefferson
School of Social Science, a Communist school. One of them, Sidney
Finkelstein, cultural spokesman for the Communist Party, described
one of his courses at the Jefferson School of Social Science in the school
catalog as “the role of culture in the class struggle today.”

Such Communists as Paul Robeson, Robert Claiborne, and Oakley
C. Johnson were on the Citizens Committee when the 20th anniversary
of the Metropolitan Music School was commemorated in 1954;
Robert Claiborne was publicity director and Oakley C. Johnson was
editor of the 20th Anniversary Golden Almanac.

The music school has an annual registration of between 375 and 400
children and adults.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UN-AMERICAN* ACTIVITIES 39

That the school does not impart musical instruction objectively is
evidenced from an article which appeared in the Daily Worker of
September 21, 1938, introduced into the committee record as an ex-
hibit, in which Dr. Joachim Schumacher, faculty member, announced
the introduction of a new course as a study of “the bourgeois music
culture in the period of monopoly capitalism.” When Lilly Popper,
director of the school, was asked if the foregoing accurately described
the theme of teaching at the Metropolitan Music School, she invoked
the fifth amendment. An article in People’s Songs, February-March
1947 issue, entitled “People’s Songs — First Year,” states, “Among the
first year’s most successful projects were the classes in the use of music
for political action.” In his testimony before the committee Earl
Robinson, faculty member, stated that music had been used “a lot”
for political action.

The danger the Communist musician and teacher presents is summed
up in a letter addressed to Lilly Popper, director of the Metropolitan
Music School, in answer to her appeal that the school be supported
in the investigation and hearing. The writer of the letter is Dr.
Abram Chasins, music director of radio station WQXR owned by the
New York Times and director of the annual musical educational ,
activities of the New York Times.

Miss Popper had stated in her appeal, “The very idea that there is
an ‘un-American’ way of teaching music is ridiculous.” Dr. Chasins
answered :

I think this is eminently correct, but there is more to the
question. There are those who think that teaching involves
only techniques. However, a teacher worthy of the name
exerts a powerful intellectual and spiritual influence on the
pupils. In my opinion, any teacher who abuses this great
pedagogical privilege to impose irrelevant political ideas
upon an esthetic relationship is unfit to teach, no matter what
his nationality or ideology.

SECTION V

COMMUNIST PENETRATION OF COMMUNICATIONS

FACILITIES

An immediate danger to national security lies in the continuing
penetration of the Nation's communications facilities by potential
Communist spies and saboteurs.

This was established clearly in hearings by the Committee on
Un-American Activities on July 17, 18, 19, August 2, and October 9,
1957. Continuing investigation by the committee has disclosed further
that the Communist apparatus has been able to infiltrate key seg-
ments of the Conelrad enemy warning system, established to alert
the civilian population in a target area.

In the course of the hearings, the committee ascertained that the
National Labor Relations Board continues to recognize the American
Communications Association as the representative of communica-
tions workers servicing key communication lines of a number of vital
United States Government agencies, including the Department of
Defense. The American Communications Association was expelled
from the CIO on June 15, 1950, because of its domination by Com-
munists. Officers of the union who have been identified as members
of the Commimist Party include Joseph P. Selty, president; Joseph
Kehoe, secretary and treasurer; Dominick Panza, international vice
president; and Charles L. Silberman, editor of AC A News.

J. L. Wilcox, a vice president of the Western Union Telegraph Co.,
testified that approximately 4,200 of the employees of Western LMion
were represented by the American Communications Association.

During the course of the October 9 hearings, the committee inter-
rogated William Bender, vice president in charge of the broadcast
division of the Communist-controlled American Communications
Association. Mr. Bender testified that the broadcast division of the
American Communications Association had about 100 members and
that thev had representation in 7 radio stations — WLIB and WBNX,
in New York City, WPEN, WIP, WDAS, WIBG, and WHAT,
located in Philadelphia, Pa.

Mr. Bender, when asked whether or not he was a member of the
Communist Party, denied membership at the time of the hearings but
invoked the fifth amendment when asked whether he had been a
member of the Communist Party in the course of the past year. Mr.
Bender did testify, however, that some of the radio stations repre-
sented by the American Communications Association participate in
the so-called Conelrad S 3 r stem of air raid defense which, in time of
national emergency, will beeome an integral part of our defense
operations. Mr. Bender refused to divulge the names of persons
employed in any of these radio stations who, to his certain knowledge,
are or have been members of the Communist Party.

42 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

The danger inherent in Communist access to communications
facilities was described by Adm. Ellery W. Stone, president of Ameri-
can Cable & Radio Corp., in these words:

* * * If an operator were subversively inclined he could
make copies of such messages in the normal course of his
work, if unobserved, and deliver them to outsiders who could
well be expert in decoding and thus bring about a breaking of
codes.

*****

There exists, too, actual danger of sabotage on a wide
basis, where trained saboteurs are planted throughout any
communications company facilities at the outbreak of any
hostilities. It would be a simple matter for such employees
to cripple communications by damaging delicate and complex
equipment, pouring acid on lead-covered cables, for example,
which are used in modern methods of message transmission.

Admiral Stone declared further that this threat would be present
even if only a handful of Communists were employed in vital com-
munications centers. Regarding ship-to-shore radio installations,
Admiral Stone commented in effect that Communists having access
to communication facilities pertaining to defense transportation of the
United States and our allies, could transmit information to an enemy,
thereby creating a danger to the security of the United States.

SOVIET INFILTRATION CONTINUING

A. Tyler Port, Director of the Office of Personnel Security Policy,
Office of the Secretary of Defense, stated in his testimony that the
Department of Defense has actively supported legislation that would
permit the removal of dangerous persons from facilities vital to our
Nation’s security. He warned, however, that the Department of De-
fense cannot assure the Congress or the American people that all
reasonable measures have been taken to safeguard our national security
inasmuch as Communists are still permitted to work in vital communi-
cations facilities.

Mr. Port further stated in his testimony that the Defense Depart-
ment is continuously aware that regardless of what specific inter-
national development occurs, infiltration of the defense effort by
agents of the Soviet Union is a continuing objective.

(The following is an excerpt from the hearing:)

Mr. Arens. Is the record clear, gentlemen, that the De-
fense Establishment is of the judgment that present law is
inadequate to cope with the problem of Communists and
their access to the vital communications facilities of the
Defense Department?

Mr. Port. That is correct, Mr. Arens. I might say, if I
may, that as the speed, range, and complexity of our modern
weapons systems advance, our communications systems on a
global basis become increasingly vital to modern military
operations.

Supplementing our own communications facilities inter-
national communications industries of this country play a
vital role in our national defense effort.

REPORT OF COAEMITTE'E ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 43

Paul Goldsborough, staff director, Communications Division, Office
of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Supply and Logistics), also
appeared before the committee and testified that there is a potential
possibility of sabotage of communications facilities which process
defense messages by any “subversive element that might be so
minded.”

Michael Mignon, a representative of the Communications Workers
of America, AFIj-CIO, testified that he had formerly been a member
of the Communist Party of the United States. Mr. Mignon pointed
out the importance that the Communist Party places upon control of
the communications industry in times of emergency lie stated:

To the best of my recollection, sir, it was always pointed
out to me that the importance of obtaining control of the com-
munications industry in times of stress or in revolutionary
times was a primary factor, and therefore the efforts of the
Communist Party in subsidizing the union and offering
whatever assistance they could in building the union in the
communications industry was primarily the main objective.

Mark Anthony Solga, employed as a radio operator by the Radio
Corporation of America, testified before the committee that he had
also been a member of the Communist Party. When asked whether
he believed that the employment of Communists in the communiea- *
tions industry constituted a serious menace to the security of the
United States, Mr. Solga stated:

Potentially, I honestly believe that it does. In the event
of any further conflict between the East and West, as that
tension increases during the so-called cold war, if it should
ultimately develop to a stage where it becomes rather hot,
then I do honestly believe they are in a potentially dangerous
position to inflict harm on our national security.

Samuel Rothbaum, who is employed as an assistant repeater chief
by the Western Union Telegraph Co., testified that he had been a
member of the Communist Party and that, in his opinion, based upon
22 years of experience in the communications industry, a saboteur
could inflict “an awful lot of damage” in time of crisis.

Mrs. Concetta Padovani Greenberg, who has been employed by the
Western Union Telegraph Co. since 1927, also appeared as a friendly
witness during the course of the hearings. She testified that she had
been a member of the Communist Party for a period of years. When
questioned regarding the possibility of access to confidential and
coded messages by members of the Communist Party, Mrs. Greenberg
testified that persons known to her as having been members of the
Communist Party do have access to confidential messages transmitted
over facilities of certain segments of the communications industry.
She stated that she had seen confidential messages relating to the
tests made upon the atomic and hydrogen bombs.

SECTION VI

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM

The inherent conspiratorial character of international communism
emerged with greater clarity during the past year through a series of
consultations of the Committee on Un-American Activities with vari-
ous American and foreign experts.

The consultations were part of a series inaugurated by the com-
mittee to present to the American people the complete picture of the
many ramifications of the international Communist conspiracy, of
which the Communist apparatus in the United States comprises only
one segment.

Current appraisals of Communist strategy and tactics in Hungary,
the Baltic States, Red China, and the Far East were obtained from
former citizens of these countries. In addition, the committee re-
ceived valuable analyses of the Communist mind and the ideological
fallacies of communism.

THE IDEOLOGICAL FALLACIES OF COMMUNISM

The ideological fallacies of communism were tellingly exposed by
three prominent clergymen of the Jewish, Catholic, and Protestant
faiths.

RABBI S. ANDHIL FINEBERG

Rabbi S. Andliil Fineberg, community-relations consultant of the
American Jewish Committee, characterized communism as follows:

Communism is a totalitarian scheme for regimenting
human existence. It subjects every aspect of life to the
wishes and whims of a bureaucratic oligarchy. It is as
different from our outlook on life as atheism is different
from faith in God. The political and economic aspects of
communism are derivatives of a philosophy whose ultimates
cannot resemble ours.

Communists base their view of life on materialism and
on a collective society. Our way of life is based on Judaeo-
Christian concepts and on the importance of even the most
humble individual. They think of people as creatures whose
destiny is determined solely by their material well-being.

We think of people as creatures with souls, who prize spiritual
values.

He discussed the ideological fallacies of communism concerning
God, man, private property, and power. Regarding the fallacy of
communism with respect to the existence of God, Dr. Fineberg stated:

Ruling out, as they do, the existence of a deity and man’s
responsibility to that Higher Power, they revere only human
beings. They have no hope of the hereafter; thev have no
concept such as the Jews have — which, incidentally, is the

46 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

theme of our high holy days — that eve^one is accountable
to the Divine Judge. They, therefore, do not have what
religious people consider higher moral laws, the immutable
demands that God makes upon human beings and which
are at the base not only of our aspirations but of our con-
cepts of moral conduct.

His comments with reference to the Communist fallacy in regard
to man included these observations:

Lacking a spiritual basis for existence, Communist
ideologists conceive of people as having no other worthy
objective but material prosperity and military might. All
other human ideals, hopes, and aspirations are sacrificed for
these. And, in pursuit of these goals for the nation as a whole,
Communist rulers assume the right to deal with all human
beings as though they were the property and chattel of the
state. Democratic leaders would never set up one-party
government. You wnll recall that, when the great emanci-
pator Moses was told that several people were speaking
against him in the camp, he welcomed that dissent and said,
“Would that all the people were prophets and that God would
put His Spirit in all of them.”

BISHOP FULTON J. SHEEN

Bishop Fulton J. Sheen, national director of the Society for the
Propagation of the Faith, auxiliary bishop of New York, and titular
bishop of Cesariana, stated that :

* * * communism is not an economic system; com-
munism is basically a philosophical system, which was born
of the marriage of two unmarriageable and unproductive
units * * * not based on reality.

He pointed out that —

* * * the existence of God and private property are both
denied simultaneously by communism. If a man has no soul,
he cannot allege that he has any relationships with anyone
outside of the state. If he has no property, he is dependent
upon the state even for his physical existence. Therefore
the denial of God and the denial of freedom are both condi-
tions of slavery.

He continued: ,

The goal of communism is the complete subjection of
mankind to a totalitarian system which would deny both
.internal and external freedom.

With reference to the relationship between the philosophy of com-
munism and communism in action, Bishop Sheen observed that —

* * * as in Christianity the word became flesh, or truth
became incarnate; in communism the ideology has become
action. There is no great diversity between any principles
of communism and communism in action. And that is why
many people go wrong in judging communism, because they,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN" ACTIVITIES 47

mot knowing its ideology, do not understand the present
action.

We of the Western World judge Russia by its foreign
policy. Whenever there are smiles at Geneva and Russia
apparently begins to be lenient with the Western World, we
think communism is good. Whereas if you judge it from its
ideology, it is a tactic, but not a change of system.

In regard to the tremendous inroads made by communism in the
course of the last 50 years, Bishop Sheen stated:

There are many reasons for that. One reason is the
spiritual vacuum that has been created in the world. The
modern world has lost its faith, it has lost its goal and its
purpose. And the world became sick and tired of milk-
and-water systems where there was nothing so sacred that
you could dedicate your life to it, and nothing so evil that
you should risk your life to destroy it. And communism
comes into a world that is sick with relativism, and offers an
absolute, and men find a loyalty and a dedication and a con-
secration which gives them great faith in a political system,
without imposing any individual morality.

As to why certain persons become Communists, Bishop Sheen noted
that communism —

* * * legislates for the mass, but it does not impose any
individual morality. That is one of the reasons, I think,
why some people — not all, God forbid — have an exaggerated
interest in social justice, because it dispenses them from
individual justice; they begin taking care of everyone else’s
problems in order to cover up their own dark and rotten
conscience. Whenever I hear people talk about social jus-
tice I always want to find out how much they pay their
housekeepers.

He continued:

It is always well to investigate the moral background of
those who become Communists, as it is always a good prin-
ciple in talking to people not to be so interested in what they
say as in why they say it. Why do certain people say cer-
tain things? For example, if you ask me a question, and I
immediately begin insulting you or the committee, you
shouldn't pay any attention to what I am saying, but to
why do I say it, to what is wrong with me.

A young man one day knocked Lincoln down in a hospital
in Virginia. He didn’t recognize Lincoln, and he said to
Lincoln, “Why didn’t you get out of the way, you big, long-
legged spider?” And Lincoln said, “Young man, what’s
troubling you on the inside?”

Very often skepticism is a moral position; that is to say,
it has been determined by behavior. So the intelligentsia
will sometimes follow communism because of their behavior.

Among the courses of action which he suggested in undertaking to
cope with the international Communist menace was the expulsion of
Russia from the United Nations, and the insistence by the West on
the liberation of certain suppressed peoples.

48 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

DR. DANIEL A. POLING

Dr. Daniel A. Poling, editor of the Christian Herald, stated that —

Communism is a driving dynamic faith. It has all of the
passion that we associate with the early Christian church.

But its basic tenet, its first principle, is atheism. It not only
disregards, but it refutes and denies, the Christian ethic. It
has absolutely no concern for the individual. We believe
that government is made for man, and not man for govern-
ment. Communism teaches and practices that the individ-
ual is not only the servant of, but the slave of, the state. He
exists for the state. His personal well-being is of no consider-
ation at all if the strength of the state is in any way miti-
gated or jeopardized by this individual. * * * communism
is a total and comprehensive philosophy. It is a way of life.

It is a coverall, body, mind, and soul. It is the universal
enslavement.

Dr. Poling pointed out that so-called peaceful coexistence with the
Kremlin is both incredible and impossible, that so far as the Kremlin
is concerned peaceful coexistence means peaceful submission.

“Communism,” Dr. Poling continued, “has made, in the opinion
of some of us, a moral debacle of the United Nations.” He asserted
that “there was every reason for us to withdraw recognition of Russia.”
He urged that individual citizens join in the efforts of the several
patriotic organizations of the Nation which are dedicated to resisting
communism.

In regard to the manner in which the forces of freedom can compete
in the world market place of ideas with Communist ideology, he
stated:

* * * We need to emphasize not what material things
we have here, but the realities of freedom and the fact that
communism is slavery. It is the destruction of the very aspir-
ations of the soul. It is enslavement of the bod} r , and you
can prove that by pointing to Communist slave camps all over
the world, and not only the enslavement of the body, but the
enslavement of the mind and the soul. And remember
one thing; there are more than 1 billion human beings who
believe in one God — the Moslem, the Buddhist, the Roman
Catholic, the Protestant, and the Jew.

We should lay emphasis upon the fact that communism
in its first tenet is atheism. We have obscured that idea too
often. We need to point to what we have on our coins, “In
God We Trust.” We need to get that across, if you please.

We are getting the dollar across, but we need to get across the
thing that we really finally' live by in this country.

THE COMMUNIST MIND

A prediction that the international Communist conspiracy will
achieve its goal of world domination in about 16 years, if its present
rate of expansion continues unabated, was made by Dr. Frederick
Charles Schwarz, executive director of the Christian Anti-Communist
Crusade, an international organization dedicated to exposure of the
Communist campaign of spiritual conquest.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 49 “

Dr. Schwarz, an Australian physician, surgeon, and psychiatrist,
has spent many years in study and research into the basic philosophy
of communism. In furtherance of his work, he has traveled ex-
tensively in mail}" areas of the world, and is regarded as an authority
in the field.

The Kremlin, he said, has set the year 1973 as its deadline for
accomplishing world domination. During the next 10 years it expects
to see consolidation of its program in Asia and the isolation of the
United States. Soviet leadership, he emphasized, is confident that
it can achieve its goals without recourse to a third world war.

“I regret to say that, by every standard test, the Communists have
been making terrifying progress, and they are winning and we are
losing,” Dr. Schwarz stated.

Current Communist disarmament discussions, he continued, are
“an act of war,” not a prelude to peace.

Military stalemate, he added, would free the resources of the Soviet
Union for further advances in its program of global conquest.

“Negotiation with the Soviet Union,” Dr. Schwarz warned, “is
impossible. To think we can do it is to indicate a failure to under-
stand communism so completely that it approaches mental illness.”

Dr. Schwarz declared that the brutality of communism is not a
departure from its classic ideology, but is the very basis of the Com-
munist program.

“Inherent within the theory of communism,” he said, “is the great-
est program of murder, slaughter, and insanity conceivable. To the
Communists, murder, treachery, and torture are moral acts.”

Dr. Schwarz characterized communism as a pseudoscience that
bases its doctrine on three points: First, that there is no God, a denial
of moral law and all that it implies; second, that man is a material
machine, completely describable in terms of chemistry and physics,
with no value and no continuity of life; third, that communism is
economic determinism.

“Every act that contributes to the Communist conquest is a peaceful
act, in their eyes,” Dr. Schwarz continued. “If they take a gun,
they take a peaceful gun, containing a peaceful bullet, kill you peace-
fully, and put you in a peaceful grave.” Thus, he explained, Khru-
shchev could call the Russian butchery in Budapest “glorious peace.”

The Communist movement, Dr. Schwarz declared, draws its strength
from two principal sources. First, “their recruitment of the student,
intellectual, who is susceptible to the appeals of communism by reason
of his educational conditioning; second, the superb organization of the
Communists.”

The intellectual, he explained, “is recruited in terms of his ideo-
logical pride. He is more intelligent than the average man, and he
sees the opportunity to mold man and create history.”

COMMUNIST PENETRATION OF MALAYA AND SINGAPORE

Kuo-Shuen Chang, a prominent former Singapore newspaper
editor, warned in his consultation that Communist labor-union and
student organizations, supported by a combat-trained network of
jungle guerrillas, are preparing to seize control of Singapore and
Malaya. The fall of Singapore and Malaya would have a far-reach-
ing, strategic impact upon the security of the West, Mr. Chang em-

50 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTTVITTES

phasized. It would imperil the other key southeast Asian nations of
India, Burma, Thailand, and Indochina and deprive the West of a
major naval base and source of vital supplies of rubber and tin.

The Chinese population of Singapore, numbering 80 percent of the
city's 1,200,000 inhabitants, has a “pronounced affinity” for Red
China and will do nothing to oppose the Kremlin’s advance, he
declared.

Mr. Chang, now on the staff of the Colorado Springs Free Press,
was a member of the southeast Asia bureau of the New York Times
before coming to the United States in August 1955. At the time the
Communists came to power in China, he was managing editor of the
Shanghai China Press. He fled from Shanghai in 1949, after refusing
to submit to Communist indoctrination and control of his newspaper.

The Communists in Singapore and on the mainland of Malaya, he
continued, have been able to infiltrate the Chinese school systems by
means of professional students whose sole purpose is agitation and
organizational work among their colleagues and the teachers. As a
result, he said, today some 10 percent of the students are actively
working for the Communists. Although some of the teachers have
attempted to oppose the activities of the Communists in the schools,
the majority, he said, are “indifferent.”

Mr. Chang pointed out that further Communist strength is drawn
from the labor movement and from the two major newspapers in
Singapore. The largest union is Communist controlled, he said, and
asserts a decisive influence in much of the country’s industry.

The students and the Communist-controlled unions have joined
forces in fomenting strikes and creating disorders, Mr. Chang said.
One of the most serious of the incidents which they perpetrated was the
riot in May 1955, in which United States Correspondent Gene Symonds
was killed.

The newspapers, although not Communist controlled, slant their
editorials and news reports in favor of the Chinese Communist regime
and against the West.

The overseas Chinese population, Mr. Chang explained, has had no
direct contact with the oppression of the Peiping government, and
actually regards with “pride” the power that their homeland has
achieved.

Mr. Chang said that approximately 2,500 guerrillas still operate
in Malaya despite the efforts of nearly 50,000 British troops to ex-
terminate them.

RED CHINA AND THE FAR EAST

Dr. Chiu-YTian Hu, adviser to the Chinese mission of the General
Assembly of the United Nations, reported to the committee that the
Chinese Communists have physically exterminated 20 million human
beings since they took over the mainland of China in 1948; that some
25 million more Chinese are in prison, brainwashing schools or in
slave-labor camps; that Chinese }Outh from kindergarten to the uni-
versity are being taught to hate America by what is known as the
three-look movement — look to America with hatred; look to America
with contempt; look to America with superiority.

Dr. Hu is a professor of modern history at the National University
in Formosa, and his testimony is based on an extensive system of
contacts which he lias been able to maintain with sources of informa-
tion inside Red China.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 51

Dr. Hu ridiculed the claim, often advanced by advocates of recog-
nition of Red China, that the Communists had established “effective
control” over the mainland. He said that the Chinese Reds them-
selves in their radio broadcasts, as well as printed material, quote
statistics on hundreds of thousands of “counterrevolutionary bandits”
having been exterminated. Dr. Hu testified that this could only
mean that there are military operations, guerrilla warfare, and wide-
spread resistance in extensive areas throughout China.

Dr. Hu also testified that the annual export of narcotics from Red
China is steadily increasing and is estimated at 1,500 tons for 1956.
This tremendous amount of narcotics is sold all over the world, and
the money realized is immediately converted within the same country
into subversive channels, thus effectively removing from police detec-
tion the sources of funds used by local Communists.

Dr. Hu described as wishful thinking the notion that the Chinese
Red leadership might, at some time in the future, become independent
of Moscow. He stated that all the leading Chinese Communists had
been trained in Moscow and that the Chinese Communist Party is
the only Communist Party which has never had a schism, split, or
any serious deviation from the line as laid down by the Kremlin.

Dr. Hu estimated that there were some 50,000 Soviet advisers,
technicians, and experts in Communist China today helping the Reds
develop their industrialization and militarization programs. He also
said that the Soviets had an iron grip on strategic resources, including
oil and uranium in the provinces of Sinkiang, Mongolia, and Man-
churia and that Manchuria is being developed by Russia and Red
China into a gigantic military buildup area for future use against
South Korea and Japan.

RED TERROR IN HUNGARY

Two leaders of the Hungarian revolution who are now in the
United States, declared that Hungary today is in the grip of a “reign
of terror” imposed by the Red Army and Hungarian security troops.

The witnesses, Sandor Kiss and Janos Horvath, fled from Hungary
to escape arrest after Red Army reinforcements crushed the uprising in
November 1956. Mr. Kiss is secretary general, and Mr. Horvath a
member, of the executive committee of the newly formed Hungarian
Revolutionary Council, comprised mainly of Hungarian freedom
fighters.

“The present situation in Hungary is one of terror, of people
being taken to prison and torture chambers and being executed
virtually without a hearing,” Mr. Horvath declared.

In addition, he said, the number of unemployed has risen to around
350,000 and many of these are actually starving. Mr. Horvath
estimated “conservatively” that between 40,000 and 50,000 Hungar-
ians had been deported to the Soviet Union after the suppression of
the revolution.

Mr. Kiss estimated that between 15,000 and 20,000 people were
killed in the uprising, in contrast to the official report of only 1*,800
deaths. “Most of these,” Mr. Kiss added, “were people who gave
themselves up with the understanding that they might be pardoned
and then were ruthlessly murdered by the Hungarian Government and
the Soviets.”

52 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

“In the town of Miskolc in the northwestern part of Hungary”, he
said, “56 people were summarily executed for participation in the revo-
lution. In nearby Eger, 23 were executed.” The toll in some other
towns, he said, included 17 in Salgotarjan; 19 in Pesterzsebet; 20 in the
Bakonv Forest, one of the resistance centers; and 11 in the mining
district of Komlo. Similar executions were carried out in almost
every town and village throughout the country by the Red Army, he
declared.

Most of the casualties of the fighting, Mr. Horvath declared, were
“peaceful bystanders.” Between 500 and 600 people, he said, were
killed in a period of a half hour as they watched a battle before the
Parliament building in Budapest. Among them were a number of
children.

“Actually,” Mr. Kiss stated, “it is an error to consider the uprising
and subsequent Soviet intervention an internal affair. In reality it
was a ‘Soviet-H ungarian war’.” He continued:

On the 23d of October in a matter of 3 hours Hungary won
its freedom. Ninety-nine percent of the people agreed that
communism and Soviet domination must be ended * * *.

The heroism of the youth worked a modern miracle. The
Hungarian people took up the fight and in 5 days from
October 24 to 29, they conquered the Soviet Army that was
arrayed against them.

Mr. Kiss and Mr. Horvath stated that the Soviets were originally
prepared to recognize the regime established by Imre Nagy and
decided to invade Hungary onl} T when the “vacillation and inactivity
ol the U. N.” indicated that they could do so without risking reprisal
from the rest of the world.

“If the l T . N. had succeeded in sending an observer team into
Hungary and had championed the cause of the Hungarians, this would
have been of great benefit because it would have meant that the U. N.
and the Western World recognized Hungary’s right to self-govern-
ment, freedom, and independence,” Mr. Kiss declared.

“The Hungarians today feel that the free countries of the world
betrayed them,” Mr. Horvath declared. “This is the feeling of the
Hungarian people. That I want to emphasize.”

COMMUNIST CONQUEST OF THE BALTIC STATES

Dr. August Rei, former President of Estonia, testified that the
Kremlin has converted the conquered Baltic States into a \ast staging
area for a future world war.

There are approximately 100,000 Soviet soldiers stationed in
Estonia today, Dr. Rei stated, and about an equal number in Latvia
and Lithuania. In addition, he said, the Soviets have established a
network of guided-missile-launching stations in the area. The
Kremlin, lie said, considers the Baltic countries “the starting point for
an aggression against the Western World.”

Dr. Rei held the posts of President, Prime Minister, and Foreign
Minister of the Estonian Republic at various times between 1918 and
the Second World War. He escaped to Sweden from the Soviet
Union in 1940, at the time the Kremlin occupied his country during
its collaboration with Nazi Germany. Dr. Rei is head of the Estonian
Government in Exile and chairman of the Estonian National Council,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 53

composed of representatives of various Estonian political groups who
were forced to flee when Estonian statehood was extinguished by the
Red Army.

The militarization of the three former independent nations of
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Dr. Rei declared, has been accom-
panied by wholesale liquidations of the native population. More than
170,000 of the total Estonian population of 1,200,000 fell victim to
the Soviet program of mass murder and deportations after the seizure
of the country by the Kremlin.

Before the outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet
Union, he said, 59,900 were deported, some 33,000 were conscripted
into an Estonian Red Army Corps, and another 1,715 were executed.

After World War II, when the Russians returned to Estonia,
another 80,000 farmers and young men were deported. Altogether,
he said, the Soviets conducted four waves of deportations.

Estonia today, Dr. Rei declared, has been reduced to a Soviet
colonv. Ml of the national resources are being exploited for the
benefit of the Soviet Union and the satellite bloc. Transmission
lines, for example, carry natural gas and electric current from Estonia
to the Soviet Union, but almost no power at all is available for Estonian
cities.

Dr. Rei cited the Soviet seizure of Estonia as an example of the
real value of Kremlin treaties of peace and non aggression. In 1933, he
recounted, Estonia and the Soviet Union had signed an ironclad
agreement renouncing the employment of force against one another.
In 1939, following the pact between Hitler and Stalin, the Soviet
Government, with the threat of armed invasion, forced Estonia to
accept a new treaty which provided for stationing Red Army ‘'protec-
tive forces” at various bases inside its Baltic ally. The following year
the Soviets, on the pretext of “suppressing anti-Soviet activities,”
inaugurated a complete occupation of Estonia, together with Latvia
and Lithuania, and set up a puppet government backed by the Red
Army.

The program of arrests and terror, Dr. Rei noted, was carried out
under the service of Gen. Ivan Serov, today the chief of the Soviet
Union Secret Police.

THE COMMUNIST TRADE OFFENSIVE

Three economic experts testified that trade with the Soviet Union
and other Communist nations is a one-way street that can lead only to
the ultimate destruction of the United States economy.

The witnesses were Anthony J. Marcus, president of the Institute
of Foreign Trade in New York; Christopher Emmet, author and radio
commentator; and Dr. Nicolas de Rochefort, formerly a lecturer at
the American University in Washington. All three were unanimous
in their view that international trade is merely another weapon in the
Communist arsenal.

“Trade with the Red bloc would be ruinous to the United States
and all free nations,” Mr. Marcus testified.

“From the very beginning the Soviet Union started to use trade as
a weapon to harm their non-Communist adversaries. They will buy
and sell to people where they can get the greatest advantage — not in
money, but in infiltration, subversion, and the stealing of technological
know-how.

54 REPORT OF COMMITTEE OK UK- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

“If they can cripple American foreign trade, which now amounts to
$26 billion a year, they will have accomplished their goal without a
shooting war,” he declared.

Mr. Marcus pointed out that it is impossible to differentiate between
strategic trade and nonstrategic trade. “Because of the Communist
mind (and economy), everything from a pin to a jet bomber is strategic,
because it means a saving in materials and labor which can be diverted
to more necessary or strategic use in the country.”

THE PRESENT POSTURE OF THE FREE WORLD

Constantine Brown, one of America’s most authoritative news
analysts, warned that “Communist influence and Communist prestige
is increasing beyond the fondest hopes of the men of the Kremlin.”

Mr. Brown, who conferred with the committee after completing a
global visit to key sources of conflict between East and West, declared
(hat the threat to the Free World from communism is “increasing
considerably.”

Mr. Brown, foreign news analyst and syndicated columnist in many
leading American newspapers, gave this summary of his interpretation
of current developments in the countries of his itinerary:

SPAIN

Spain is extremely friendly to the United States and the
only country in Europe willing to risk everything in its fight
against communism.

EUROPE

France is a frustrated country of complete political chaos,
but communism is definitely on the decline. The French
people have concluded that they cannot be dictated to by
Moscow Communists. In France there is a marked trend
toward nationalism.

Western Europe, in my opinion, is indefensible. We have
in Europe hundreds of thousands of American dependents
and employees who would have to be evacuated in case of
war. The presence of these thousands of women and children
will create chaos worse than any commander has ever
experienced .

MIDDLE EAST

Western influence in the Middle East has never been lower.

The Arabs have one hatred, the hatred not necessarily of any
man of the Hebrew faith, but of Zionism and of the Isiael
Republic. Since we are committed to uphold that sovereign
state, it will be difficult for us to reconcile the Arabs who
admire the Soviet anti-Israeli attitude.

International communism is winning (in the Middle East)
unless we can stop it.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 55

FAR EAST

We have performed diplomatic miracles by keeping Com-
munist China out of the United Nations. The Red Chinese
leaders know, from listening to some United States Senators
or reading some American press articles, that the present
status quo cannot continue for long. If Red China is ad-
mitted or recognized (by the United States of America), it
will have a devastating effect on the whole Far East.

JAPAN

* * * if America continues to give indication of weakness in
international affairs, it is in the cards that yon will have in
Japan a government which will resume complete diplomatic,
economic, and cultural relations with Communist China.

SECTION VII

WHO ARE THEY?

Present-day leaders of the international Communist empire, in the
course of their careers of murder and terror, have deliberately de-
stroyed more men, women, and children than comprise the total
population of the Eastern United States. The records of these men
were published by the committee during the past year in a series
entitled “Who Are They?”

The keynote of the committee’s publications was a maxim of the
American philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson :

Don’t Say Things. What You Are Stands Over You the
While, and Thunders So That I Cannot Hear What You Say
to the Contrary.

Since the death of Stalin and the ascent of the current leadership of
the Kremlin, Emerson’s words, the committee found, seem to have lost
their pertinence. The sweet reasonableness of Khrushchev and his
colleagues, coupled with an eager willingness of many quarters of the
free world to believe them, appear to have rebutted both Emerson’s
commonsense and our own experience.

Even some leaders of the United States have demonstrated re-
peatedly their receptivity to the Kremlin’s persuasion and their
heedlessness of the lessons which international communism has
dispensed with barbarous cruelty.

What the Kremlin stands for thunders throughout the free world,
but the words of international communism’s rulers have been able to
dim the sound.

Despite the savage suppression of the Hungarian revolution; despite
the slave camps and secret-police terror in the Soviet Union and
throughout its satellites; despite the collapse of the recent disarma-
ment talks; the rulers of communism can still find an audience for
their h} r poeritical avowals of peace.

NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV

Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin, whose careers were
portrayed in the first of the committee’s publications, have partici-
pated in the Communist program of aggression from its very beginning.
Although they rebutted the crimes of Stalin, the fact emerges that
they served as Stalin’s willing instruments.

Because of his insistent attempts to subdue Ukrainian national con-
sciousness and desire for self-determination, Khrushchev is among the
men most hated in the Soviet Ukraine. He had been chosen twice —
before and after World War II — to implement the sovietization of the
Ukraine. In carrying out this assignment, he was as systematic as he
was ruthless. His first target was the Ukrainian intelligentsia, whose
members were accused by the Communists of trying to separate the
Ukraine from the Soviet Union and to preserve the traditional Ukrain-

58 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

ian culture. “We have destroyed,^ he declared in 1938, “a con-
siderable number of enemies, though not all.” Toward the end of the
war, Khrushchev resumed his repressive policies in the Ukraine,
exercising for 3 years a virtual one-man dictatorship subject only to
the control of Stalin.

Khrushchev is a sworn enemy of the democratic form of government
and the American way of life. He reviles this country as being devoid
of political freedom and economic stability and ruled by a handful of
greedy capitalists who enslave the working people. He and his fellow
Communists are driven by the desire to outdistance the United States,
the most advanced and powerful capitalist country. His fanatical
belief in the superiority of the Communist system leaves no doubt in
his mind that, whether there be peace or war, the ultimate communi-
zation of the world is certain to arrive.

NIKOLAI BULGANIN

Bulganin began his political career as an efficient officer of the
infamous Cheka, the initial version of the dreaded Soviet Secret Police.
The Cheka was the main instrument of the Red terror waged by the
newly established Bolshevik rulers against real and imaginary oppo-
nents of the Communist regime. In this capacity, he showed great
zeal in jailing and sending to death the so-called “enemies of the
people” and in suppressing a revolt of workers in his own hometown.
Later, Bulganin was sent to central Asia, where he rounded out his
ignominious career in the Soviet Secret Police with the assignment of
destroying the spirit of independence and the religious beliefs of the
Moslems in the U. S. S. R.

Twent} r years later, Bulganin played a conspicuous role in plotting
against freedom, this time in Poland and Czechoslovakia. He was
the moving spirit behind the so-called Polish Lublin Committee of
National Liberation — “the faceless, renegade Polish Communists and
Russian citizens” — serving as a tool of the Kremlin’s plans for the
communization of Poland and as a medium of counteracting the Free
Polish Government in exile in London. In the summer of 1944, during
the march of the Red Army on the Polish capital, Bulganin was instru-
mental in the decision to refuse military assistance to the Polish
patriots in Warsaw, who had risen in arms against the Nazis. As a
result, the Red Army was made to stand by idle while the brave Polish
underground army, under Bor-Komorowski, was hopelessly outnum-
bered and decimated by the Nazi military forces.

At the end of the war, Bulganin vigorously promoted the Sovietiza-
tion and Russification of Poland and of other parts of east-central
Europe. On several occasions, he paid personal visits to Prague,
serving as an important link in the Soviet conspiracy which forced
Czechoslovakia to become another Soviet satellite.

Bulganin has a record of ruthlessness in achieving his goals. Rude
to his subordinates, he tolerates neither criticism nor opposition.
Like the other Kremlin chiefs, Bulganin is bent on the disruption of
the Western alliance as the initial step toward the destruction of the
American way of life.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UX-AMERICAX ACTIVITIES 59

MAO TSE-TUNG

Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of the People’s Republic of China, began
his service to the Kremlin with the organization of peace associations
in Hunan and Iviangsi Provinces of China in 1927. Step by step he
built up his military strength behind the facade of a program of
moderation, supposedly representing a reasonable program of the
progressive, social, and political action.

He formed “spear corps’’ of farmworkers armed with home-made
weapons to capture the arsenals of the landlords’ private armies.
With the weapons he obtained he built up his own army and expanded
into other provinces. The landlords and local gentry were imprisoned,
banished, and, finally, shot. And, as time went on, the range of people
subject to execution constantly widened in scope.

In the long struggle that developed between the Communist forces
and the Chinese Nationalist Government, Mao s role was predomi-
nantly that of planning political strategy, of drafting blueprints for
the future state, and of warping the minds of the masses; of no less
importance was his role in designing Communist guerrilla tactics.

He missed no opportunity to strengthen his power. Thus, in 1936,
when Chiang Kai-shek was kidnaped at Sian Fu, Mao intervened to
secure Chiang’s release. But Mao obtained his price: the penetration
of Communists into the Central Government, tne opportunity to
expand into North China, and the strengthening of his armed forces
and the weakening of Chiang’s.

After the defeat of Japan m 1945, Mao, while pretending to dis-
associate himself from the Soviet Union and maintaining the ap-
pearance of cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek, built up his armies in
Manchuria with captured Japanese arms turned over to him by the
Soviets As his soldiers marched southward in 1949, masses of the
Central Government’s troops defected in response to Mao’s propa-
ganda, which promised new freedom, representative government,
land and bullocks for the peasants, and high salaries for the intellec-
tuals.

At last, on October 1 , 1949, Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic
of China in Peking. Since then the world has witnessed the con-
tradiction between Mao’s words and the horrors of his deeds. The
Chinese who looked to Maoism as the gateway to a “New China’’
were now crushed by the reality of China in the merciless grip of
communism.

CHOU EN-LAI

Chou En-lai, who shares power with Mao, has long proved himself
a fanatical and dedicated Communist. His reliance on force is clearly
shown in his early career as a Communist leader. Made a member
of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1926,
he organized and led a revolt of 600,000 workers in Shanghai the next
year, and seized the city after bloody fighting. He headed riots and
fighting in Nanchang and in Canton, and organized underground
movements in an attempt to overthrow the legal authorities in Hong
Kong, Canton, and Shanghai.

Chou’s techniques of deceit are illustrated by his activities just
after the war with Japan. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek’s armies
were much stronger than those of the Communists; although possessing
captured Japanese weapons that the Soviet c had lurried over to them.

60 REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UN- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES *

the Communists desperately needed time to build up their forces.
Chou En-lai, who had conducted such negotiations before, was assigned
to obtain an armistice and thus provide a breathing spell; through
delays under various pretexts and through false promises he managed
to have hostilities suspended just long enough for the Communists to
prepare their attack.

After the Communist armies had overrun most of China, the Chinese
“People’s Republic” was proclaimed in 1949, and Chou En-Lai was
given the high posts of Premier and Foreign Minister.

His internal policy was characterized by close cooperation in Mao
Tse-tung’s policy of ruthlessly exterminating millions of real and
imagined opponents. With his usual efficiency, Chou effected thought
control, suppressed liberties, and undermined Chinese culture and
tradition.

MARSHALS ZHUKOV AND KONEV

In the biographies of Marshals Georgi Zhukov and Ivan Konev, the
committee forecast the struggle for power within the Kremlin that
culminated only a few weeks later in the abrupt demotion of Marshal
Zhukov as Minister of Defense and membership in the Presidium of
the Soviet Communist Party. The information obtained by the
committee indicated that the struggle within the Soviet Union had to
be interpreted basically in terms of the shift in importance in the mili-
tary leadership and their widening conflict with the political leadership
of the Kremlin.

The military contributed to Malenkov’s fall in 1954, when strong
differences inside the Soviet Supreme Council over heavy industry
versus consumer production aroused the wrath of the top military
commanders. Thereafter, the Zhukov group backed Khrushchev
in his removal of Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich, the “old
Bosheviks.” Later, however, Zhukov himself was demoted as
Khrushchev moved to brake the growth of the Army as a political
power.

WALTER ULBRICHT AND JANOS KADAR

The first of sketches of Communist leaders outside the Soviet
Union dealt with Walter Ulbricht, first secretary of the Socialist Party
of Soviet-occupied East Germany, and Janos Kadar, Premier of
Communist Hungary.

Ulbricht has been a protagonist of Soviet terror almost since the
da} 7 that the Kremlin embarked upon its program of world conquest.
A free, unified Germany is impossible as long as he holds power.
Kadar has proved himself as another loyal servitor of the Communist
conspiracy. Tens of thousands of butchered and enslaved Hungarians
owe their fate directly to his eager collaboration with the Red columns
that ground out his country’s brief flame of freedom last fall.

“The careers of Ulbricht and Kadar prove that there is no hope of
dealing honorably with men for whom honor has no meaning,” the
committee noted.

Equipped with an indefatigable capacity for work and an uncanny
ability to sense coming policy changes, Ulbricht represents a dangerous
and relentless enemy of America and all that America stands for.
He has an amazing record of survival through the years, coming out
alive from Hitler’s persecution of the Communists, the purges under
Stalin, the vicissitudes of World War II, the postwar executions of

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 61

East European Communist leaders, and Khrushchev’s drive against
Stalin and “Stalinists,” as well as outliving revolt and mass dis-
content among the people he rules. This record bespeaks a remark-
able ability to adjust cynically his thinking and behavior to the needs
of the moment. Almost alone among European Communist dictators,
Ulbricht has maintained his position since World War II.

There are few fields in East Germany in which Ulbricht has not
imposed subservience to the Soviet Union. He has ordered servile
imitation of the Soviet Union in the fields of science, linguistics, and
education, in the theater, art, architecture, and in sports. He has
made the entire organization of the East German state a miniature
replica of the Soviet Union. The magnitude of the popular discon-
tent with the Ulbricht regime became evident when the revolt of the
people of East Berlin in June 1953 spread like wildfire to the Soviet
Zone. This first major insurrection against a Soviet-sponsored puppet
government was ruthlessly suppressed by Soviet armed power, after
the local “people’s” police proved incapable of coping with the situ-
ation.

Kadar is a compelling example of a Communist quisling and the
master of the double cross. It was Kadar who almost alone can claim
credit for having betrayed his countrymen in the suppression of the
Hungarian revolution last year. Sometime during the early morning
of November 4 Kadar established a new pro-Soviet Government at
Szolnok. At daybreak Soviet troops poured into the Hungarian
capital, and in a war of suppression remarkable for its ruthlessness and
barbarity, 32,000 persons were killed and parts of the onee-beautiful
city of Budapest were reduced to rubble. The Hungarian movement
for freedom was broken.

In the spring of 1957 Kadar strengthened the ties binding his coun-
try to the Kremlin on a visit to the Soviet capital. Upon returning
from his 10-day “consolidation conference” in Moscow, he proclaimed
that the Soviet Army would remain in Hungary indefinitely; that the
“proletarian dictatorship” would be strengthened; that “counter-
revolutionary” forces would be exterminated; and that the battle
against “class enemies” would be intensified. In Moscow Kadar also
entered an economic agreement with the Soviet Government for finan-
cial aid and supplies of raw materials. This, together with the politi-
cal understanding, bound the Hungarian nation even closer to the
Soviet masters.

“A tiger cannot be tamed by bait,” he said in an allegorical reference
to the Hungarian people at the height of the suppression. “It can be
tamed and forced to peace only by beating it to death.”

MARSHAL TITO AND WLADYSLAW GOMULKA

The biographical information as presented by the committee on
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Wladyslaw Gomulka, Premier of
Poland, took on particular significance in view of the action of the
White House and the State Department in designating Poland and
Yugoslavia as potential allies of the United States and approving the
extension of considerable aid to those nations.

Before, during, and after World War II, Josip Broz Tito has invari-
ably shown himself to be a dedicated Communist. A powerful ideo-
logical affinity binds him firmly to his Communist brethren. During

62 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

the last few years, in fact, he has clearly moved closer to a political
alinement with Moscow. Tito’s general philosophy of life, the nature
of his own regime, and his inflexible commitment to communism all
militate against a lasting rift with the Kremlin.

Gomulka has consistently affirmed his solidarity with the Soviet
Union. Tito has been serving, and serves today, as a traveling sales-
man for Moscow whose mission it is to lure neutral nations into the
Soviet orbit. Both nations are instruments of Soviet aggression;
their leaders have consistently declared that they will remain so.
Besides these facts, squabbles about so-called divergent approaches to
“world socialism” are of only academic importance, and at most offer
a snare for the gullible.

Gomulka’s ties to communism have been demonstrated throughout |
his life. During the interwar period, he was a professional organizer
and agitator for the Communist Party and was arrested several times.
During the Nazi occupation of Poland, he did not oppose the Nazi- i
Soviet Pact which divided Poland in two; and only later, after the ,
U. S. S. R. was attacked, did he become active in the Communist under-
ground. Up to 1948, Gomulka was one of Communist Poland’s most i
powerful men. He helped thwart the wartime agreements made to
ensure free elections in Poland, and thus was a principal instrument in
imposing Communist rule. He was also one of the organizers of the
notorious Cominform. All this time, he supported and praised Stalin
and faithfully carried out his orders.

KIM IL SUNG (NORTH KOREA) AND HO CHI MINH (NORTH VIET-NAM)

Two other instruments of international communismin Asia are
Kim II Sung, Premier of Communist North Korea, and Ho Chi Minh,
President of North Viet-Nam. Both Kim II Sung and Ho Chi Minh
have demonstrated the real nature of communism through the aggres-
sion that they launched in Indochina and Korea. Through their acts
the peaceful blandishments of the Kremlin can be translated into
specific facts: 35,000 American lives lost in Korea and another 140,000
wounded; hundreds of thousands of French casualties in Indochina.

Both Kim 11 Sung and Ho Chi Minh have served as Moscow’s
vanguard of military conquest. Both participated in endless dis-
cussions looking toward a negotiation of their political programs with
the free world, and finally plunged into war to achieve their ends.

MAURICE THOREZ (FRANCE) AND PALM1RO TGGLIATTI (ITALY)

Outside the present boundaries of Communist power, eager to lead
their nations inside that orbit, are a group of Communist leaders in
the West. The committee presented biographies of two of these, I
Maurice Thorez, head of the Communist Party of France, and Palmiro ■
Togliatti, leader of Italy’s Communists.

Both Thorez and Togliatti have been in the service of the Kremlin
from their earliest youth. They have survived the many shifts and
turns of Communist policy and sacrificed friends, associates, and prin-
ciple whenever necessary. Above all, they have willingly betrayed
their own country when this was found necessary to carry out the
Kremlin’s foreign policy. For anyone who believes that communism
can compound itself of genuine patriotism, the records of Thorez and

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX UN- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 63

Togliatti serve as convenient references. Both Thorez and Togliatti
stand forth as agents of Soviet imperialism, not representatives of a
true political movement dedicated to the interests of their country-
men. In the event of war, France and Italy, two of our allies, would
find themselves sorely beset by the army of Communist agents and
saboteurs commanded by these two men.

APPENDIX

limtrfr States Olmtrt af Appeals

FOE THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

No. 13,327

Lloyd Barenblatt, appellant
v.

United States of America, appellee

On reargument of appeal from the United States District
Court for the District of Columbia pursuant to re-
mand by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Decided January 16, 1958

Mr. David Scribner , of the bar of the Court of Appeals
of New York, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court,
with whom Mr. David Rein was on the brief, for ap-
pellant.

Mr. William Hits, Assistant United States Attorney,
with whom Messrs. Oliver Gasch, United States Attorney,
Lewis Carroll, John D. Lane and Harold D. Rhynedance,
Jr., Assistant United States Attorneys, were on the brief,
for appellee.

Before Edgerton, Chief Judge, and Prettyman, Wilbur
K. Miller, Bazleon, Fahy, Washington, Danaher, Bas-
tian and Burger, Circuit Judges.

Bastian, Circuit Judge: On January 3, 1957, this court
affirmed the conviction of Barenblatt on the charge of
contempt of Congress. 1 Petition for certiorari was duly

x 100 U.S.App.D.C. 13, 240 F.2d 875 (1957).

66 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

filed in the Supreme Court and on June 24, 1957, the
following per curiam order was entered: 2

“The petition for writ of certiorari in this case is
granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia Circuit is vacated and the
case is remanded for consideration in light of Wat-
kins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178.”

The present opinion is written in obedience to the above
order. 3

The facts concerning this case are sufficiently stated
in the opinion of this court dated January 3 and need not
be repeated here. Also, we limit ourselves to the direc-
tions of the Supreme Court and consider only the impact
of Watkins on the instant case, except that we have also
weighed the applicability of Sweezy v. Neiv Hampshire,
infra.

The Supreme Court in Watkins held that the witness
there was not accorded a fair opportunity to determine
whether he was within his rights in refusing to answer
the questions involved and therefore his conviction was
invalid under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amend-
ment; and that no clear understanding of the question
under inquiry could be gathered from the resolution set-
ting up the Standing Committee on Un-American Activi-
ties, from the action of that Committee in authorizing
the creation of the Subcommittee before which Watkins
appeared, from the statement of the chairman at the
opening of the hearings at which Watkins appeared, or
from the statement of the chairman in response to Wat-
kins’ protest.

At the hearing before us on remand two points are
mainly relied upon by appellant: First, it is claimed that

2 354 U.S. 930 (1957).

3 Although Barenblatt v. United States, supra note 1, was
heard in this court before a division of three judges, we
sua sponte determined to hear the case on remand en banc.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX U\ AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 67

the opinion of the Supreme Court in Watkins struck
down the resolution creating - 4 he Standing Committee on
Un-American Activities (hereinafter referred to as the
Committee), and that prosecution based on refusal to
answer questions asked by the ( ommittee or a Subcom-
mittee questioning thereunder must necessarily fall in
that the resolution on which the indictment is based fails
to meet the requirements of due process; and second,
assuming this was not the ca< c - that part of the opinion
in Watkins relating to pertinency is dispositive of the
present case.

As to the first point, such infirmity of the resolution
as may be said to exist does not affect the indictment
and, in any event, is a matter ot affirmative defense. It
is quite true that the Supreme Court in no uncertain
terms criticised the resolution creating the Committee for
lack of specificity, for uncertainty, for vagueness, and the
scope of the construction accorded to the resolution as
acted upon by the members of the Committee and its
Subcommittees. It would serve no useful purpose to
review in detail all the criticisms directed by the Supreme
Court to the resolution and the construction placed there-
on by the Committee and its Subcommittees as they were
constituted over the fifteen years of their existence; but
in the margin are contained certain of the comments
thereon by the Supreme Court.' 4 5

4 “It would be difficult to imagine a less explicit author-
izing resolution.” 354 U.S. 178, at 202.

“. . . . An excessively broad charter, like that of the
House Un-American Activities Committee, places the courts
in an untenable position if they are to strike a balance
between the public need for a particular interrogation and
the right of citizens to carry on their affairs free from un-
necessary governmental interference. It is impossible in
such a situation to ascertain whether any legislative purpose
justified the disclosures sought and, if so, the importance
of that information to the Congress in fuitherance of its

68 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Against the background of its views so voiced, the
Court considered, in terms presently relevant, the rela-
tionship of congressional investigating committees and
the witnesses who appear before them. The opinion in
Watkins clearly describes five criteria by which the per-
tinence of a question can be made clear to a witness (354
U.S. 178, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214) : (1) the authorizing

legislative function. The reason no court can make this
critical judgment is that the House of Representatives itself
has never made it. Only the legislative assembly initiating
an investigation can assay the relative necessity of specific
disclosures.” Id. at 205-206.

But the Court added:

“ . . . Applied to persons prosecuted under § 192 [2

U.S.C.], this raises a special problem in that the statute
defines the crime as refusal to answer ‘any question
pertinent to the question under inquiry.’ Part of the
standard of criminality, therefore, is the pertinency of
the questions propounded to the witness.” Id. at 208.
“. . . . It is obvious that a person compelled to make
this choice is entitled to have knowledge of the subject
to which the interrogation is deemed pertinent. That
knowledge must be available with the same degree of
explicitness and clarity that the Due Process Clause
requires in the expression of any element of a criminal
offense. The ‘vice of vagueness’ must be avoided here
as in all other crimes. There are several sources that
can outline the ‘ question under inquiry ’ in such a way
that the rules against vagueness are satisfied. The
authorizing resolution, the remarks of the chairman or
members of the committee, or even the nature of the
proceedings themselves, might sometimes make the topic
clear. This case demonstrates, however, that these
sources often leave the matter in grave doubt.” Id. at
208-209. (Emphasis added.)

This indicates to us that it is possible for the Committee
itself or the nature of the proceedings themselves “to make
the topic clear,” i.e., so to outline the question under in-
quiry as to satisfy the rules against vagueness. The Court
found that Watkins had no such guide.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 69

resolution, (2) opening remarks of the chairman, mem-
bers, or counsel of the Committee, (3) the nature of the
proceedings, (4) the questions themselves, and (5) the
chairman’s response to an objection on pertinency.

There are several reasons which we believe militate
against the conclusion urged by appellant in this case
that the resolution itself was struck down and that, con-
sequently, the prosecution based on failure to answer
questions propounded by the Subcommittee was fatally
defective.

In the first place, we believe that if the Court had
intended to strike down the resolution, it would have
said so in so many words. It would not have left so
vital an issue to inference or interpretation. The far-
reaching result of such a holding would be that the Com-
mittee, established by action of the entire House of Rep-
resentatives, would be rendered helpless and would not
even be able to summon a witness, much less have him
testify. Nothing less would be an immediate consequence.
Certainly nowhere in the Watkins opinion does the Court
use language essential to effectuate the result contended
for by appellant and, on remand, there is no such direc-
tion to us to strike down the resolution or to hold in-
valid the indictment brought for failure to answer ques-
tions pertinent to the subject under inquiry. In the ab-
sence of a clear expression from the Court we do not
take this position.

In the second place, had the Supreme Court struck
down the resolution creating the Committee the mat-
ter would have been ended, without the further, extended
discussion found in Watkins. We cannot assume the rest
of the opinion to be, nor do we read it as, mere dictum.
On the contrary, it is clear the Court was familiar with
the present case as it is specifically referred to in note
34 of the opinion in Watkins. The Court certainly knew,
therefore, that Barenblatt’s conviction grew out of testi-
mony taken under the same resolution. Moreover, it is

70 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

reasonable to assume that, had the resolution under which
both Watkins and Barenblatt were questioned been
stricken in its entirety, this case would have been re-
versed on authority of Watkins rather than remanded
for consideration “in light of” that opinion. We read
Watkins as demonstrating the necessity of more than
ordinary caution in upholding First Amendment rights
of individuals who are summoned before committees or
subcommittees which operate under resolutions infected
with the vagueness criticized in Watkins.

We do believe that the Supreme Court was of the
opinion that the vagueness of the resolution made it
necessary, and only fair, that the witness be apprised of
the particular matter under inquiry by the Committee or
Subcommittee holding the hearings, and, on objection, of
the pertinency of 'the questions involved in the inquiry.

Thirdly, the Supreme Court cited in Watkins a number
of cases, both in that Court and in Courts of Appeals,
bearing on convictions sustained under the same resolu-
tion. 5 6 Tin re is no suggestion that those decisions were
repudiated or that thi i reasoning was erroneous. One
finds no intimation ,h t me cases should have been de-
cided by lii-* simple pio.e-s of voiding the resolution
establishing the Com ■> r ' a 'e are of clear opinion that
Watkins did not v'oiu i ....it >2, 75th Cong., 3d Sess.,

or H. Res. 5, 79th Cc.m , . •

Apart from our present re e light of Watkins, we

have reconsidered the case aho .-.ght of Sweezy v. New

5 See, among others Qi.vw v. United States, 349 U.S. 155
(1955); United States V. Bryan, 339 IJS. 323 (1950);
Barsky V. United States, 83 U S.App.D.C. 127, 167 F.2d 241,
cert, denied, 334 U.S. 843 (1948), rehearing denied, 339
U.S. 899 (1950) ; United States V. Josephson , 165 F 2d 82
(2d Cir. 1947), cert, denied. 333 U.S. 838, rehea ring denied,
333 U.S. 858, motion for leave to file second, petition for
rehearing denied, 335 U.S. 899 (1948).

6 Watkins, notes 35, 36.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 71

Hampshire , 354 U.S. 234 (1957). Appellant argues that
there the Court emphasizes by analogy the fallibility of
the resolution creating the Committee. Sweezy refused to
answer questions in the course of an investigation by the
State Attorney General acting under a resolution of the
State Legislature relating to subversive activities. The
Supreme Court there held that the investigation had de-
prived Sweezy of due process of law under the Four-
teenth Amendment, and concluded that the record did not
sustain the power of the State of New Hampshire to
compel the disclosures that the witness refused to make.
At the outset of the hearing, Sweezy had raised the ques-
tion of pertinency as well as the question of violation of
First Amendment rights. The Court further pointed out
that there was no assurance that the legislature wanted
answers to certain questions asked by the Attorney Gen-
eral, to whom the legislature had delegated the duty of
making the investigation.

We think that Sweezy does not compel us to hold, under
the circumstances of the instant case, that any of appel-
lant’s constitutional rights were violated.

In the Watkins case, having held that the resolution
was not sufficiently specific, standing alone, to advise the
witness of the question under inquiry, or at least having
expressed doubt, the Supreme Court considered whether
the statement of the chairman of the Subcommittee was
sufficient to apprise Watkins of the matter under inquiry
and whether, when Watkins objected to the questions on
the ground of pertinency, the chairman’s response was
adequate to convey sufficient information on this point.
The Court observed that that statement was nothing more
than a paraphrase of the resolution itself and gave Wat-
kins insufficient information concerning the subject under
inquiry. The investigation there was in connection with
communist infiltration in labor and the Court found that
a majority of the witnesses were not connected with labor
at all, and that seven of the thirty persons whose names

72 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

were propounded to Watkins had no such connections.
The Court wrote that the “inference becomes strong that
the subject before the Subcommittee was not defined in
terms of communism in labor/’ and concluded that the
question under inquiry was not adequately revealed to
Watkins when he had to decide, at his peril, whether or
not to answer. The Court declared that “fundamental
fairness demands that no witness be compelled to make
such a determination with so little guidance.”

'The Watkins situation is a far cry from that of Baren-
blatt. The record here discloses that at the opening of
the hearings before the Subcommittee on February 25,
1953, the chairman made a statement of the purpose of
the inquiry, the concluding part of which reads as follows :

“[T]he objective of this investigation is to ascertain
the character, extent and objects of Commwiist Party
activities when such activities are carried on by mem-
bers of the teaching profession ivho are subject to the
directives and discipline of the Communist Party .” 7
(Emphasis added.)

Comparison of this statement with the initial statement
of the chairman discussed in the Watkins case, found by
the Court to be insufficient, suggests a like infirmity. So
regarded, we put aside the chairman’s statement as a
factor even though the fact that Barenblatt had prepared
his statement as to his objections to the jurisdiction of
the Committee {infra, pp. 10, et seq) indicates that he
quite well knew the nature of the hearing.

We examine the record then from other approaches.
It appears that Barenblatt was summoned to appear be-
fore the Subcommittee at 10:30 A.M. on June 28, 1954,
and that the session was called to order at 10 :37 A.M. It
may be presumed that Barenblatt was then present since
there is no suggestion that he failed to obey the subpoena.

7 The entire statement is quoted as an appendix to the
opinion of this court dated January 3, 1957.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 73

At no time during the present hearing, or in the District
Court, was it claimed that Barenblatt was not present
when committee counsel, that day, made his statement as
to the purpose of the hearing. As a matter of fact, it is
not denied even at this time that Barenblatt was then
present. In addition also is the fact that Barenblatt
testified that he had heard the testimony of Crowley, the
first witness called.

(Included in the statement of committee counsel at the
June 28, 1954, hearing was the following:

“The field covered will be in the main communism in
education and the experiences and background in the
party by Francis X. T. Crowley. It will deal with
activities in Michigan, Boston, and in some small de-
gree, New York.” 8

The question under inquiry was clearly indicated to the
witnesses that day. From what we have said, as well as
from what follows in his own testimony, it may fairly be
inferred that Barenblatt was present and received the
same information.

The next standard discussed by the Supreme Court is
the nature of the proceedings. Barenblatt testified the
same day as did Crowley, who identified him (Barenblatt)
as a member of the Haldane Club of the Communist Party
at the University of Michigan. Some of the other wit-
nesses who testified were members of the Communist
Party and others, including Barenblatt, were charged with
being members of the Communist Party while at the Uni-
versity of Michigan several years before the hearings.
All questions related to communist activity at the uni-
versity, and it is clear that Barenblatt had knowledge
that this was the subject matter being inquired into. We
are of opinion that the nature of the proceedings, which
Barenblatt personally observed, clearly indicated to him
the question under inquiry.

8 240 F.2d at 881, note 8.

74 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

The next standard discussed by the Supreme Court was
the nature of the questions as put. 9 Here, Barenblatt was
asked specifically about his membership in the Haldane
Club of the Community Party while he attended the Uni-
versity of Michigan and was a student of the University
of Michigan Council of Arts, Sciences, and Professions.
These questions, and the balance of the questions form-'
ing the basis of the indictment, viewed in the light of
what the committee counsel had said and Crowley’s pre-
ceding testimony, all in Barenblatt’s presence, made indu-
bitably clear to Barenblatt the nature of the subject under
inquiry to which the questions were directed.

The record of the hearing, at which Barenblatt appeared
and during which the questions in controversy were asked,
is devoid of any objection interposed on the ground of
pertinency. Indeed, every indication is that he came pre-
pared to refuse to answer any questions of moment —
pertinent or not. He appeared before the Subcommittee
accompanied by counsel and armed with an eleven-page
prepared, written statement entitled ‘‘Objections to Juris-
diction of the Committee on Un-American Activities and
to Questions Propounded by It,’’ objecting “not only to
the jurisdiction of the committee, but also to the ques-
tions propounded by it. This objection [the statement
continues] is made upon advice of counsel as to my
rights as provided for in rule VII of the rules of pro-
cedure of this committee. Counsel who appear for me
are Philip Wittenberg and Irving Like of 70 West 40th
Street, Borough of Manhattan, New York City.”

The statement can best be described as a lengthy
legal brief attacking the jurisdiction of the committee

9 The Supreme Court in Watkins said (p. 213): “The
most serious doubts as to the Subcommittee’s ‘question under
inquiry,’ however, stem from the precise questions that pe-
titioner has been charged with refusing to answer. Under
the terms of the statute, after all, it is these which must be
proved pertinent.”

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 75

to ask appellant any questions or to conduct any inquiry
at all, based on the First, Ninth and Tenth Amendments,
the prohibition against bills of attainder, and the doc-
trine of separation of powers. This brief cited more
than twenty Supreme Court decisions, some of which
do not concern the congressional power of investigation;
and, in several instances, dissenting opinions were cited.
Included in this statement are the following:

“1. I, Lloyd Barenblatt, having been subpenaed
before the Committee on Un-American Activities, by
subpena dated the 28th day of May 1954, returnable
on the 28th day of June 1954, hereby respectfully
object to the power and jurisdiction of this com-
mittee to inquire into —

(a) My political beliefs;

(b) My religious beliefs;

(d) My associational activities.

“2. I am a private citizen engaged in work in the
fields of education and research, and in writing and
speaking in connection therewith. I hold no office of
public honor or trust. I am not employed by any
governmental department. I am not under salary
or grant from any governmental department.

‘•3. The grounds of my objection are as follows:

“A. Any investigation into my political beliefs,
my religious beliefs, any other personal and private
affairs, and my associational activities, is an in-
quiry into personal and private affairs which is be-
yond the powers of this committee.

* • • #

“D. Under our Constitution our Government is
a government of limited powers, tripartite in form,
consisting of the legislative, the judicial, and the ex-
ecutive. This separation is fundamental to the pres-
ervation of the rights of the people in order that
no one department may, through its power, rise to
become a despotic arbiter. This committee through
this investigation into my political, associational, re-

76 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

ligious, and private affairs trespassed upon the ju-
dicial department and has caused a lack of balance
of power which constitutes a threat to my liberty
as an American citizen and is an unconstitutional
usurpation.

# # # #

“This committee, by compelling me to leave my
ordinary pursuits and to attend before it for the
purpose of testifying with regard to my political
beliefs, my religious beliefs, other personal and pri-
vate affairs, and my associational activities, is acting
as a judicial indicting and accusatory power. It is
intruding into the judicial sphere and is following a
practice which closely parallels the practices which
resulted in bills of attainder being prohibited by our
Constitution (art. I, sec. 10).

# # # *

“Upon all the grounds aforesaid I object not only

to the jurisdiction of this committee, but also to the
questions propounded by it. This objection is made
upon the advice of counsel as to my rights as pro-
vided for in rule VII of the rules of procedure of
this committee.”

To indicate the length to which the Subcommittee went
to indicate to Barenblatt the pertinency of the questions,
even though the question of pertinency was not raised by
him, we quote from the record of Hearings before the
Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Repre-
sentatives, 83rd Congress, 2d Session, Communist Methods
of Infiltration (Education — Part 9, pp. 5813-14) :

“Mr. Doyle [Representative Doyle]. Mr. Chair-
man, I think the record should show that at this
time there are pending before the United States
Congress several active bills dealing with the question
of subversive activities, dealing with the question of
the Communist Party, dealing with the question of
the responsibility that we have as a congressional
committee under Public Law 601.

“I am sure that is the record, and I would like

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 77

the record of this hearing of this committee to es-
pecially show it —

“Mr. Velde [Representative Velde]. Yes, I think —

“Mr. Doyle (continuing). And that this witness
and these other witnesses could help us in line with
our Public Law 601 responsibility to have hearings
with reference to recommendations for legislation in
this area under Public Law 601 in accordance there-
with.

“Mr. Velde. I concur with you, Mr. Doyle, and I
wish to further state that the record should show
that the evidence or information contained in the
files of this committee, some of them in the nature
of evidence, shows clearly that the witness has in-
formation about Communist activities in the United
States of America, particularly while he attended
the University of Michigan.

“That information which the witness has would
be very valuable to this committee and its work.

“It is the opinion of the committee, at least the
Chair, that the committee has a constitutional legal
right in all ways and forms and means to get the
information which has been requested from the
witness.”

Whenever appellant was asked a question which he
refused to answer, he asked permission, or attempted
without permission, to read the prepared statement. That
statement, which was inserted in the record of the hear-
ing at which Barenblatt testified, in no way indicates
that he had any doubt as to the subject under inquiry or
as to the pertinency of the questions asked. On the con-
trary, everything points to Barenblatt’s knowledge of the
subject and his knowledge of the pertinency of the ques-
tions asked. Refusal to answer was based on the broad
grounds above set forth. He specifically disclaimed in-
voking the Fifth Amendment.

Applying the Watkins ruling to this case, it will ibe
seen that there is decisive distinction between the two.
In the present case the subject of the investigation was
stated to be Communist Party activities within the field

78 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

of education. There was no attempt made to proceed
with the hearing under a mere re-hash of the resolution
creating the Committee. Here was far more than “a very
general sketch of the past efforts of the Committee,” as
the Supreme Court said in Watkins.

While Watkins testified freely as to his own activities,
he simply declined to identify members who lie believed
had perhaps innocently become members of or were close-
ly connected with the Communist Party and who had
subsequently withdrawn therefrom. Barenblatt, however,
declined to answer either as to his own activities or the
activities in general of the Haldane Club. He was repre-
sented by counsel, and presented written objections based
generally on the jurisdiction of the Committee. His ob-
jections went to questions about his own activities and
acts and were on specific grounds. Those objections are
sufficiently described in our previous opinion.

We have considered the other questions raised by ap-
pellant on remand and which he says are material here
in the light of Watkins. We think such other matters are
sufficiently answered by the original opinion of this court,
which by reference, for present purposes, is incorporated
herein.

We are of opinion that, under the standards laid down
for us by the Supreme Court, Barenblatt was made
fully aware of the subject under inquiry and was in a
position to judge the pertinency of the questions relating
to that subject. We are further of the opinion that the
questions were in fact relevant and pertinent to that
subject.

In accordance with the direction of the Supreme Court,
we have carefully considered Watkins and its impact on
Barenblatt. Taking account of all circumstances as noted,
and believing the cases are distinguishable as indicated,
we affirm the judgment of conviction.

Affirmed.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 79

Edgerton, Chief Judge, whom Bazelon, Circuit Judge,
joins, dissenting: A unanimous panel of this court de-
cided that “the opinion of the Supreme Court in Watkins
v. United States . . . requires reversal” of the conviction
of Singer. 1 Barenblatt, like Singer, was convicted of re-
fusing to answer questions of a subcommittee of the Un-
American Activities Committee investigating Communists
in the field of education. There is no difference pertinent
to Watkins between Singer’s case and Barenblatt’s. I
think this court errs in overruling our Singer decision.

I understand Watkins to hold that the Committee on
Un-American Activities had no authority to compel testi-
mony because it had no definite assignment from Congress.
The Supreme Court said: “[W]hen First Amendment
rights are threatened, the delegation of power to the
Committee must be clearly revealed in its charter. [354
U.S. at p. 198] . . . An essential premise in this situa-
tion is that the House or Senate shall have instructed the
Committee members on what they are to do with the
power delegated to them. . . . [T]lie responsibility of the
Congress ... to insure that compulsory process is used
only in furtherance of a legislative purpose . . . requires
that the instructions to an investigating committee spell
out that group’s jurisdiction and purpose with sufficient
particularity, [p. 201] ... It would be difficult to imagine
a less explicit authorizing resolution, [p. 202] . . . Com-
bining the language of the resolution with the construction
it has been given, it is evident that the preliminary con-
trol of the Committee exercised by the House of Repre-
sentatives is slight or non-existent. No one could reason-
ably deduce from the charter the kind of investigation
that the Committee was directed to make. [pp. 203-4]

1 Singer v. United States, — U.S.App.D.C. — , 247 F. 2d
535; reversing Singer v. United States, 100 U.S.App.D.C.
260, 244 F. 2d 349, which had affirmed Singer v. United
States, 139 F. Supp. 847 (D.C.D.C.).

80 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

[

. . . The Committee is allowed, in essence, to define its
own authority . . . [This] can lead to ruthless exposure
of private lives in order to gather data that is neither
desired by the Congress nor useful to it. . . . Protected
freedoms should not be placed in danger in the absence
of a clear determination by the House or the Senate that
a particular inquiry is justified by a specific legislative
need. . . . An excessively broad charter, like that of the
House Un-American Activities Committee, places the
courts in an untenable position . . . . [p. 205] It is
impossible in such a situation to ascertain whether any
legislative purpose justifies the disclosures sought ....
The reason no court can make this critical judgment is
that the House of Representatives itself has never made
it. ... Plainly these committees are restricted to the
missions delegated to them, i.e., to acquire certain data
to be used by the House or the Senate in coping with a
problem that falls within its legislative sphere. No wit-
ness can be compelled to make disclosures on matters
outside that area.” [p. 206]

In summary: (1) The “instructions to an investigating
committee [must] spell out that group’s jurisdiction and
purpose with sufficient particularity.” (2) “It would be
difficult to imagine a less explicit authorizing resolution
.... No one could reasonably deduce from the charter
the kind of investigation that the Committee was directed
to make.” (3) “No witness can be compelled to make
disclosures on matters outside that area.” Since Congress
did not define that area, there can be no proof that the
Committee’s questions were within it. It follows that the
defendant must be acquitted.

Even df, contrary to my clear understanding of Wat-
kins, Congress did “with sufficient particularity” author-
ize the Committee to investigate something, it by no
means follows that Congress authorized the Committee
to investigate Communists in the field of education. Four
Justices of the 'Supreme Court recently said: “It is par-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 81

ticularly important that the exercise of the power of com-
pulsory process be carefully circumscribed when the in-
vestigative process tends to impinge upon such highly
sensitive areas as freedom of speech or press, freedom of
political association, and freedom of communication of
ideas, particularly in the academic community. . . . LT]he
areas of academic freedom and political expression” are
“areas in which government should be extremely reticent
to tread.” Two other Justices said in the same case:
“These pages need not be burdened with proof, based
on the testimony of a cloud of impressive witnesses, of
the dependence of a free society on free universities. This
means the exclusion of governmental intervention in the
intellectual life of a university.” Siveezy v. New Hamp-
shire, 354 U.S. 234, 245, 250, 262. The Court there held
that Sweezy, a university teacher, could not constitution-
ally be required to answer certain questions about his
political activities and connections. Barenblatt was a
university teacher. He was convicted because he would
not answer certain questions about his political activities
and connections. Though the two cases are not identical
and Sweezy does not prove that Barenblatt’s conviction
violates his constitutional rights, it does show that this
conviction raises serious constitutional questions. Dele-
gation of power to a congressional committee must be
construed narrowly when a narrow construction avoids
serious constitutional questions. Umited States v. Rurnely,
345 U.S. 41. The words of the Committee’s charter, “in-
vestigations of . . . un-American propaganda activities”,
need not and therefore should not be interpreted to au-
thorize the Committee to select for investigation political
activities and connections of university teachers. We
must suppose that if Congress had intended to authorize
such an investigation it would have done so explicitly.

We need not consider whether the Committee’s ques-
tions to Barenblatt were pertinent to an investigation of
Communists in the field of education. The force of the

82 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

Court’s decision in Watkins that the Committee had no
definite assignment, and therefore no authority to compel
testimony, is not destroyed by the Court’s decision that
the questions Watkins refused to answer were not clearly
pertinent to the investigation in which the Committee was
then engaged. “[W]here there are two grounds, upon
either of which an appellate court may rest its decision,
and it adopts both, ‘the ruling on neither is obiter, but
each is the judgment of the court and of equal validity
with the other.’ ” United States v. Title Ins. & Tr. Co.,
265 U.S. 472, 486. And even if the Supreme Court’s
demonstration that the Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities had no authority to compel testimony were obiter,
this court should defer to it.

Although, on examination, the answer to a question is
plain, higher courts commonly require lower courts to
make the examination and decide the question in the
first instance. The Supreme Court followed the usual
practice in this case.

Fahy, Circuit Judge, with whom Washington, Circuit
Judge, joins, dissenting : Reading Sweesy in the light of
Rumely and Watkins, I think the Committee could not
proceed to investigate the field of education — at least with
the use of compulsory process, under the sanction of con-
tempt — without a more specific authorization than it had
been given, and that therefore the conviction must be
reversed. It is unnecessary here to go into the question
whether Watkins holds the Committee to be without au-
thority to compel testimony on any subject of inquiry.

INDEX

Individuals

Abt, Jessica Smith. {See Smith, Jessica.) Page

Ackley, John Kenneth 38

Adler, Margaret 35

Allen, James (born Sol Auerbach) 35

Annaccone, James 31

Auerbach, Sol. (See Allen, James.)

Avnet, Marcella Halper 27

Badeaux, Hubert J 33

Barenblatt, Lloyd 10, 65

Barkaga, Irene 25, 26

Baron, Rose 35

Bates, Milton 27

Baxter, Bolza 11

Bayer, Theodore 34, 35

Bender, William 41

Bentley, Elizabeth T 35

Bimba, Anthony 34, 35

Bineman, Solomon 29

Bolton, Ruth 32

Bor-Komorowski (Tade isz) 58

Boudin, Leonard B 15

Bridges, Harry 22

Brisker, Sydney H 29

Brook, Sam 31

Browder, Earl 20

Brown, Constantine 54

Brown, Lee 22

Brown, Lucy 38

Brownstone, David Martin (alias Frederick Jonathan Werner) 30, 31

Buchman, Harold 27

Budenz, Louis 19, 20

Bulganin, Nikolai 57, 58

Buteneff, Serge 37

Cameron, Angus 35

Castellanos, Jane Robinson 29

Chang, Kuo-Shuen 49

Chasins, Abram. _ 39

Chatley, Joseph A_ 31

Chiang Kai-shek 59

Chou En-lai__ 59, 60

CLiborne, Robert 38

Cohen, Boris 35

Colton, Ellis 29

Craig, Charles M., Sr _ _ 26,27

INDEX

Individuals — Continued
D

Dattler, Louis

Davis, Howard Chandler

Deak, Zoltan

de Rochefort, Nicolas

DeSchaaf, Nellie

Dimitrov, Georgi

Dreyfuss, Benjamin

Eisler, Gerhart (alias Edwards, Hans Berger).

Elkins, Morton L

Emmet, Christopher

Eshleman, John M. (Jack)

Eugene, Arthur, Jr

Felshin, Joseph

Fineberg, S. Andhil

Finkelstein, Sidney

Fino, Benjamin M

Fino, Jeanette (Mrs. Benjamin Fino)

Fishman, Irving

Foreman, Clark

Freed, Irving

Garfield, Morton

Garry, Charles R

Gates, John

Gitlow, Benjamin

Goldsborough, Paul

Gomulka, Wladyslaw

Gordon, Asher

Green, Abner

Greenberg, Concetta Padovani

Grumman, Frank

Gyarmaty, Catherine ^

Page

-- 34, 3 l
11

__ 34, 3 1
5:
3(

c
A

2£

21,22

33, 34, 37
15

__ 34,35

__ 22,35

__ 61,62
29
17
43
8,9
34,35

Hagelberg, Gerhard (also known as Charles Wisley and Jerry Kramer) ___ 35

Hagler, Mildred. 38

Hallengren, Fred 25

Hanchett, Edward L. (Ned) -- 29

Hardwick, John M — 29

Hartman, Louis Earl 8, 9, 28

Heist, Aaron Alan 16

Hitchcock, George 29

Ho Chi Mini; 62

Hodes, Jane (Mrs. Robert Hodes) 23

Hodes, Robert 23

Hollander, Max 38

Hollister, Carroll 38

Hoover, J. Edgar 13, 14

Horowitz, John 29

Horvath, Janos 51, 52

Howard, Milton 35

Hu, Chiu- Yuan 50, 51

Ilchuk, Frank

INDEX

iii

Individuals — Continued
J

1 Jeffers, Dorothy

Johnson, Oakley C

Johnson, William S

1 K
Kadar, Janos

Kaganovich (Lazar)

Kandel, Irving

Kehoe, Joseph

Kermish, Irving

Khrushchev, Nikita

Kim II Sung

Kinsey, Lovd E

Kirstein, Elinor Ferry

Kiss, Sandor

Kling, Anne Yasgur

Konev, Ivan

Kotelchuck, Abraham

; Kramer, Jerry. ( See Hagelberg, Gerhard.)

Krinkin, David Z

Krumbein, Margaret Cowl

Kucharski, Wladislaw

Lamont, Corliss

Lautner, John

LeBlanc, Milton L

Lee, James

Lee, Sirkka Tuomi

Levine, Beverly

Levitan, Mrs. Lawrence. ( See Siris, Evelyn.)

Loomis, Henry

Lumer, Wilfred

] M

MacLeech, Bert

Malenkov (Georgi)

Mao Tse-tung

Marcus, Anthony J

Markoff, Nicholas

Melner, Rebecca L. (Bea)

Meyers, George A

/ Michalowski, Ladislaus Joseph

Michalowski, Stanley

Mignon, Michael

Miller, Arthur

Miller, Clifford C., Jr

Miller, Hugh B

Mindel, Saul J

Minerich, Anthony

Mintz, Helen

Mircheff, Bocho

Mizara, Roy

Molotov (V. N.)

Morgenstern, Sam

Morros, Boris

Nagy, Arpad Fodor___

Nagy, Imre

Nathan, Otto

Nelson, Andrew Steve.

( Nichol, Herbert

Nikolauk, Samuel J__
Novick, Paul

Page

28 , 29
38
26

60 , 61

1 , 3 , 57 , 58 , 60

51 , 52

34 , 35

15 , 16
35 , 36 , 38

34
25

33
3

24
60
59 , 60
53 , 54
36
29
26
23 , 24
23 , 24
43

10 , 11
24-26
29
33
36
32
36
34 , 35
60
38
3 , 4

34 , 35
52
11
22
27
34 , 35
34 , 35

INDEX

Individuals — Continued

Page

Obrinskv, Jane Allen (Mrs. William Obrinsky) 23

Obrinsky, William 23

O’Connor, Harvey 14, 15

Ostrofsky, Aaron 25

Panza, Dominick 41

Patten, Jack 28,29

Pauliukas, Jacob 36

Payne, Rose 29

Peters, J. V 19

Poling, Daniel A 48

Pollikoff, Max 38

Popper, Lilly 38, 39

Pruseika, Leon 36 i

Port, A. Tyler 42

Pyle, Thelma 38

Redding, Louis L _

Regan, Charles V 31,

Rei, August 52,

Reich, Clara 34,

Richards, Harvey

Richter, Samuel 23,

Riegger, Wallingford

Rivkin, Vivian

Roberts, Mary

Robeson, Paul

Robinson, Earl_ 37-

Rogers, Harold L

Roosevelt, Archibald

Roosevelt, Theodore

Rosano, Margaret M

Rosner, Alex 34,

Rossen, John A

Rothbaum, Samuel

Round, Claire Friedman

Rubin, Sidney

32
53
35
30

24
38
38
27
38
-39
23
18
18

33
35
37
43

25
29

Salmin, Nancy Hull

Sarasohn, Peggy

Sarvis, David

Savides, Michael

Scheer, Mortimer

Schneider, Anita

Schumacher, Joachim

Schwarz, Fredeiick Charles 2,

Scribner, Jane

Seif, Milton

Selly, Joseph P

Serov, Ivan

Sheen, Fulton J

Silber, Bernard

Silberman, Charles L

Singer, Marcus

Siris, Evelyn (Mrs. Lawrence Levitan)

Smith, Jessica (Mrs. John Abt)

Smyles, Harry M__- _

Solga, Mark Anthony

Sorum, William I

Spector, Irving

Starobin, John

32
30
29
34, 35

37
16
39

48, 49
29
261
41
53
45, 47
8, 9
41
10
29

38
43

22, 23
25 j

INDEX

Individuals — Continued

Page

Stone, Ellery W 42

Suske, Eleanor 37

Sykes, Mattie 23

Svnionds, Gene 50

Thorez, Maurice

Thorner, Betty

Tito, Josip Broz .

Tkach, Michael

Togliatti, Palmiro

Trumbo, Dalton

Turoff, Sidney

Ulbricht, Walter

Velson, Irving Charles

Wangerin, Otto

Ward, Angela

Wastila, George

Weed, Verne

Weinberger, Andrew D

Werner, Frederick Jonathan. (See Brownstone, David Martin.)

Wilcox, J. L

Wilkinson, Frank

Willcox, Anita

Willcox, Elsie (Mrs. Roger Willcox)

Willcox, Henry

Williamson, Levy

Wilson, Hugh W

Winter, Elsie

Wisley, Charles. (See Hagelberg, Gerhard.)

Wood, William

Yerrell, Otto

Zhukov, Georgi

Zito, Louise

Zuskar, John

G2, 03
32

61, 62
34, 35
62, 63
14
37

60, 61

14, 16, 17
23
23
23
25
14
27

60
23, 24
36

Organizations

Aberdeen Proving Ground 26

American Cable & Radio Corp 42

American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born 13, 17, 18

National Conference to Defend the Rights of Foreign Born Americans,

December 11 and 12, 1954, New York City 17

American Committee To Survey Trade Union Conditions in Europe 31

American Communications Association 41

Local 10 9

i American Jewish Committee 45

Baltimore Youth for Peace 25

Bethlehem Steel Corp.:

Lackawanna, N. Y 30

Sparrows Point 24, 25

INDEX

Organizations — Continued

California Labor School

Chicago Council of American-Soviet Friendship

Children’s Services of Connecticut

Christian Anti-Communist Crusade

Cinema Annex Theater (Chicago)

Citizens Committee to Preserve American Freedoms

Committee to Defeat the Smith Act, Baltimore

Communications Workers of America, AFL-CIO

Communist International. ( See International, III.)

Communist Party:

China

Central Committee

France

Italy

Soviet Union:

Agitprop Section

20th Congress

U. S. A.:

National Structure:

District 4

Nationality Groups Commission

lGth National Convention, February 19.57, New York City,
California:

San Francisco:

Professional Section

Haymarket Club

Connecticut:

Hartford

New Haven

Trade Union Commission

District of Columbia

Louisiana:

New Orleans:

Seamen’s Branch

Maryland:

Baltimore

Steel Club

Steel Section

Missouri

New York:

Buffalo

Conelrad System

Connecticut Peace Council

Connecticut Volunteers for Civil Rights

Emergency Civil Liberties Committee.

Estonian Government in Exile

Estonian National Council

Page
22, 29
37
23
48
37
16
27
43

3‘

27-30

24
26

21,22

25
25
11

30-32

14-16

F. & D. Printing Co 26

General Electric Co 23

Hungarian Revolutionary Council 51

Imported Publications & Products, Inc

Institute of Foreign Trade

International, III (Communist) (also known as Comintern)

International Book Store, Inc. (San Francisco)

International Publishers

International Telecommunications Union. ( See United Nations.)

International Workers Order

Interplavers, The

2, 20
29
35

INDEX vii

Organizations — C ontinued
L

L. M. S. Amusement Co., Inc 37

League of Women Voters 25

Liberty Book Club 35

Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, International- _ 22

Local 207 22

Los Angeles Housing Authority 17

Lurline (steamship) 22

Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union of 26

Marine Cooks and Stewards, National Union of 21, 22

Metropolitan Music School, Inc 37-39

Modern Book Store (Chicago) 36, 37

National Conference to Defend the Rights of Foreign Born Americans.

(See American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.)

New Century Publishers 35

New Orleans Youth Council 22

Parent Teachers Association 25, 27

Polish Lublin Committee of National Liberation 58

Princeton University 14

Progressive Party, Maryland 27

Prompt Press 35

RCA Communications, Inc 9

Radio Corporation of America 43

Radio stations:

New York Citv:

WBNX__: 41

WLIB 41

WQNR 39

Philadelphia:

WDAS 41

WHAT 41

WIBG 41

WIP 41

WPEX 41

Russky Golos Publishing Corp 34

Society for the Propagation of the Faith 46

Southern Conference for Human Welfare 22

Symphony of the Air 38

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Government of:

Secret Police 53

Cheka 58

Supreme Soviet Council 60

United Nations 38

International Telecommunications Union 38

United States Government:

Defense Department 41, 42

National Labor Relations Board 41

Subversive Activities Control Board 4

Treasury Department: Customs, Bureau of 5, 33

University of Michigan 11

viii

INDEX

Organizations — Continued

W Page

Western Union Telegraph Co 9, 41, 43

Workers Book Shop (New York) 35

YWCA, Buffalo 32

Publications

ACA News (American Communications Association News)

China Daily News

Christian Herald

Colorado Springs Free Press

Daily Worker

German- American (Tribune)

Glos Ludowy

Greek-American Tribune

Hungarian Word

Laisve

Ludova Noviny

Mainstream

Morning Freiheit

Narodna Volya

Narodni Glasnik

New World Review

New York Times

Nok Vilaga

Political Affairs

Russky Golos

Shanghai China Press

Sviesa

Tyomies-Eteenpain

Ukrainian Daily News

Vilnis

3, 26, 35, 36

35, 37

34, 37

34, 35

34, 37

34, 35

36, 37

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